It is a fraction of gasoline obtained by atmospheric distillation of crude oil with a boiling point range of about 25 to 200°C, and corresponds to crude gasoline. Before World War II, straight-run gasoline, which was chemically refined from this, was used as a base material for aviation gasoline and automobile gasoline, but after the war, as gasoline engines became more powerful, straight-run gasoline with low octane ratings could no longer be used as is, and the name naphtha came to be used. Naphtha fractions are usually further divided into light naphtha (boiling point about 25 to 100°C) and heavy naphtha (boiling point about 80 to 200°C), and the entire naphtha fraction is sometimes called full-range naphtha to distinguish it from the heavy naphtha. In Japan, most light naphtha is used for naphtha cracking as a petrochemical industry raw material, and some is refined to make light straight-run gasoline, which is used as a blending material for high-octane gasoline. Most of the heavy naphtha is used as a feedstock for the catalytic reforming process to produce high-octane reformed gasoline, and also to produce reformate (reformed gasoline with a particularly high aromatic content) using BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) as a feedstock. Naphtha is also used as a feedstock for the steam reforming process to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In Japan, naphtha is insufficient from the distillation of crude oil alone, so some naphtha for petrochemical use is imported. [Hara Nobuyoshi] [Reference] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
原油の常圧蒸留で得られるガソリンの沸点範囲約25~200℃にあたる留分で、粗製ガソリンに該当する。第二次世界大戦前はこれを化学的に精製した直留ガソリンが、航空ガソリンの基材や自動車ガソリンとして使用されたが、戦後ガソリンエンジンの高性能化により、オクタン価の低い直留ガソリンはそのままでは使用できなくなり、ナフサの名称が使われるようになった。通常ナフサ留分はさらに軽質ナフサ(沸点約25~100℃)と重質ナフサ(沸点約80~200℃)に分けられ、これと区別するためナフサ全留分をフルレンジ‐ナフサとよぶことがある。日本では軽質ナフサの大部分は石油化学工業原料としてナフサ分解用に用いられ、一部は精製して軽質直留ガソリンとし、高オクタン価ガソリンへの配合材となる。重質ナフサの大部分は接触改質法の原料となり、高オクタン価改質ガソリンが製造され、またBTX(ベンゼン・トルエン・キシレン)原料のリホーメート(芳香族成分のとくに多い改質ガソリン)が製造される。このほかナフサは水蒸気変成法の原料として、水素、一酸化炭素の製造にも用いられる。日本では原油の蒸留だけではナフサが不足し、一部石油化学原料用ナフサが輸入されている。 [原 伸宜] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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