A branch of clinical medicine that deals with diseases of the internal organs. It does not use surgical techniques, but rather treats conservatively, mainly with medication. The medical treatment can be broadly divided into interviews, visual examinations, palpations, percussion, auscultation, clinical tests, and treatments. In Japan, until the Edo period, Western medicine was long thought to be limited to surgery. Modern internal medicine began in 1793 when Udagawa Genzui, the official physician of the Tsuyama domain, translated the book "Gezuiverde Geneeskunst" by Dutch physician J. Gorter and published "Seisetsu Naika Senyo." The foundations of internal medicine education began when German military surgeon TE Hoffmann was invited to the University of Tokyo in 1871, and German physician E. von Baelz was invited to the University of Tokyo in 1877. The development of internal medicine as a scientific specialty worldwide was due to the concept of disease proposed by T. Sydenham of England in the 17th century. Sydenham closely observed the clinical symptoms of patients and was the first to show the existence of several clearly distinguishable diseases such as rheumatism, chorea, and pneumonia, whereas it had been thought that illness was caused by an imbalance of bodily fluids (→ humoral pathology). Based on Sydenham's work, FB Sauvage wrote the first systematic classification of diseases in 1763. However, from Sauvage's time until the 20th century, internists made little contribution to the treatment of diseases. Although percussion and the thermometer were invented in the 18th century and the stethoscope in the 19th century, internists did not have any specific treatment methods, unlike surgeons who could remove affected tissue. For this reason, the skill of an internist was determined by the accuracy of his diagnosis and the reliability of his advice on the prognosis of diseases. It was only after the development of X-ray imaging in the early 20th century, and the ability to tailor treatment to the type of illness, that physicians were able to exert their influence in curing patients. With regard to diagnosis, the development of endoscopy, X-ray imaging (→ X-ray contrast diagnosis), angiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) made it possible to detect even subtle lesions, and advances in medical engineering made it possible to grasp the patient's condition from various angles, such as capturing blood conditions and electrical phenomena in the body in numerical form. The accuracy of diagnosis has improved dramatically by processing this data with computers. With regard to treatment, progress has been made with advances in chemotherapy drugs and the development of monitoring facilities for seriously ill patients, such as in ICUs. As drug administration and treatment methods became more specific, specialized subdivisions such as cardiology and gastroenterology, which treat specific organ systems, were created. This trend is particularly noticeable in the United States. In addition, specialties such as geriatrics and pediatrics, which divide patients by age group, and psychosomatic medicine, have also become common. Internal medicine itself remains a specialty where doctors treat each patient as a whole, and it also serves as a first point of entry for patients to seek a diagnosis when they are unsure which specialty to turn to. In the United States, the American Board of Internal Medicine was established in 1936 to officially certify internal medicine specialists. Requirements for certification include graduation from an accredited medical school, at least one year of residency, and participation in a rigorous training and residency program. The core of this program is two to three years of full-time hospital-based specialist training (residency). In addition, internists are required to conduct research in a clinical, research, or basic science field related to internal medicine. Internists' training programs include up-to-date knowledge of anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology, among others. At the end of the training, there are written and oral examinations, and those who pass are awarded a certificate. Japan does not currently have a public specialist certification system, but the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine has its own specialist certification system for internists. The system lists specialist fields such as gastroenterology, respiratory medicine, circulatory system, renal and urological systems, endocrinology and metabolism, neurology, hematology, infectious diseases, allergies, and collagen diseases, but in reality, most internal medicine departments at national universities only have a system of three specialties plus one or two more. Private universities have a somewhat more extensive system, but the current situation is that it does not come close to that of the United States. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
内臓の疾患を扱う臨床医学の一部門。外科的手法を用いず,主として薬物によって保存的に治療を行う。診療内容は大別すれば問診,視診,触診,打診,聴診,臨床検査,ならびに治療である。 日本では江戸時代まで,西洋医学は外科のみであると久しく考えられていた。近代内科学は,寛政5 (1793) 年に津山藩の御典医であった宇田川玄随が,オランダ医 J.ゴルテルの著書"Gezuiverde Geneeskunst"を訳して『西説内科撰要』を刊行したことに始まる。内科学教育の基礎は,明治4 (1871) 年ドイツの軍医 T.E.ホフマン,1877 (明治 10) 年に同じくドイツの医師 E.vonベルツを現在の東京大学に招いたのが端緒である。 世界的に内科が科学的専門分野として発展したのは,17世紀にイギリスの T.シデナムが示した疾病の概念による。シデナムは患者の臨床症状を克明に観察し,それまで体の具合が悪くなるのは体液のバランスが崩れたことによると考えられていたのに対して (→体液病理学 ) ,リウマチ,舞踏病,肺炎など明確に区別できる複数の疾病の存在を初めて示した。シデナムの業績をもとに 1763年,F.B.ソバージュが初の系統的な疾病分類書を著した。しかしソバージュの時代から 20世紀になるまで,内科医は疾病の治療にほとんど貢献できなかった。 18世紀に打診法や検温器,19世紀に聴診器の発明はあったものの,侵された組織を除去できる外科医と違って,内科医は具体的な治療法をもっていなかったのである。このため,内科医の腕の善し悪しは,診断の正確さと疾病の予後に対する助言の信頼度で決った。 20世紀初頭にX線撮影法が発達し,疾病の種類に合せて治療を変えるようになって初めて,内科医は患者の治癒に力を発揮するようになった。診断に関しては,内視鏡,X線造影 (→X線造影診断 ) ,血管撮影,コンピュータ断層撮影 CT,磁気共鳴画像 MRIなどの発達で微妙な病変までとらえることが可能になり,また医用工学の進歩により血液の状態や生体の電気現象を数値で捕えるなどさまざまな角度から患者の状況を把握できるようになった。これらのデータをコンピュータで処理することで診断の正確さは格段に向上した。また治療に関しては,化学療法剤の進歩とICUなどの重症患者の監視設備が整備されることで成果が上がっている。薬物投与と治療の進め方がより特異的になるにつれ,特定の臓器系を扱う心臓内科,消化器内科などの専門分科が派生した。この傾向はアメリカにおいて著しいものがある。また,患者を年齢層で分けた老年内科や小児内科,心身医学の発達により心療内科などの専門科も見受けられるようになった。内科そのものは,1人の患者をトータルに扱う医師の専門科として残り,患者がどの専門科にかかればよいかわからないとき,最初に診断を仰ぐ入口としても機能している。 アメリカでは,内科の専門医を公式に認定する目的で,1936年にアメリカ内科評議会 American Board of Internatinal Medicineが設立された。認定のための必要条件は,認可を受けた医学校の卒業,1年以上の研修,そしてさらに厳しい訓練と実習プログラムへの参加である。このプログラムの中心は,病院で専門医学の実習をフルタイムで2~3年経験することにある (→レジデント ) 。さらに,内科に関連した臨床,研究,基礎科学のいずれかの分野で研究を行うことが求められる。内科医の訓練プログラムでは,とくに解剖学,微生物学,生化学,病理学,薬学,生理学の最新知識を学ぶ。訓練の終りには,筆記試験と口頭試問が行われ,合格者に認定書が与えられる。 日本には今のところ公的な専門医認定制度はなく,内科医に関しては内科学会独自の専門医認定制度がある。ここでは消化器内科,呼吸器,循環器,腎・泌尿器,内分泌・代謝,神経,血液,感染症,アレルギー,膠原病などを専門分科としてあげているが,実際には国立大学の内科で3分科制にプラス1,2の専門分科を整備しているにすぎないことが多い。私立大学ではやや充実しているが,アメリカには及ばないのが現状である。 出典 ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典について 情報 |
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