Tunnel effect

Japanese: トンネル効果 - とんねるこうか
Tunnel effect

The energy of alpha particles released from nuclei by alpha decay is often less than the potential energy that the alpha particles must overcome to escape. This phenomenon in which a particle with lower energy than the potential passes through a potential is called the tunnel effect. In the figure , a particle with lower energy than the highest value V M of the potential V ( r ) passes through the potential. This phenomenon never occurs when following the laws of classical mechanics, and originates from quantum mechanical motion. It is similar to the slight transmission of light through an extremely thin metal foil. The rate of transmission varies extremely sensitively depending on the area of ​​the region enclosed by the lines showing the potential and the energy of the particle. For example, the probability of a 4.2 million electron volt alpha particle passing through this potential wall from a uranium nucleus is about 10 -37 , but for an alpha particle with a potential energy of 1 million electron volts higher, the probability is 5 x 10 7 higher. The actual rate at which alpha particles fly out of uranium is much higher than this probability, because alpha particles collide with the potential wall 10 21 times per second inside the nucleus. The flow of electrons caused by contact between semiconductor and metal surfaces is due to the tunnel effect. The Esaki diode and Josephson effect, in which negative resistance occurs in semiconductors with a high impurity content, are typical examples of the tunnel effect.

[Hajime Tanaka]

[References] | alpha decay | Esaki diode | Josephson element | Potential
Tunnel effect (diagram)
©Shogakukan ">

Tunnel effect (diagram)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

α(アルファ)崩壊により原子核から放出されるα粒子のエネルギーは、α粒子が外に出るときに超えねばならないポテンシャル・エネルギーの高さよりも小さいことが多い。このようにポテンシャルの高さより低いエネルギーの粒子がポテンシャルを通過する現象をトンネル効果という。では、ポテンシャルV(r)のもっとも高い値VMよりエネルギーの低い粒子がポテンシャルを通過していく。このような現象は通常の古典力学の法則に従う場合には絶対おこらないことであり、量子力学的な運動に由来する。きわめて薄い金属箔(はく)を光がわずかに透過するのと似ている。透過の割合はポテンシャルと粒子のエネルギーを示す線で囲まれた領域の面積によってきわめて敏感に変わる。たとえば、ウランの原子核から420万電子ボルトのα粒子がこのポテンシャルの壁を通過する確率は10-37くらいの確率であるが、これよりも100万電子ボルト高いα粒子であれば確率が5×107も大きくなる。実際のα粒子がウランから飛び出る割合は、α粒子が原子核内で毎秒1021回もポテンシャルの壁と衝突するので、この確率よりずっと大きくなる。半導体や金属面の接触によって生じる電子の流れはトンネル効果による。とくに不純物の多い半導体に負の抵抗が生ずるエサキダイオードやジョセフソン効果はトンネル効果の典型的な例である。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | α崩壊 | エサキダイオード | ジョセフソン素子 | ポテンシャル
トンネル効果〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

トンネル効果〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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