A historical name for the area in northern Vietnam, centered on the Red River (Hong Ha or Song Khoi River) Delta. It refers to the area north of the Ma River. Since the time of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, it has been subordinate to China and was called Jiao Chi Commandery or Jiao Zhou, but gained independence in the 10th century. Vietnamese dynasties rose and fell while fighting with China in the north and the Champa Kingdom in the south. In 1430, the capital of Dai Viet (Later Le Dynasty) was established in Tonkin (present-day Hanoi), and from the early 18th century, the area ruled by the Trinh clan based here came to be called Tonkin by Europeans. After the Tonkin Incident of 1872, it became a French protectorate in 1883, and from 1887 to 1945, it formed the French Indochina Federation with Annam, Cochinchina, Cambodia, and Laos. After World War II, it became the center of the Vietnamese independence movement. The Red River Delta is fertile, and rice, coconut palm, sugar cane, etc. are cultivated. Vietnam is home to large cities such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, and Nam Dinh, and modern industry is well developed. Vietnam is also blessed with natural resources, including anthracite coal from Hon Gai. Ethnic minorities such as the Thai and Miao people live in the mountainous areas in the north and west. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
ベトナム北部,紅河 (ホンハ。ソンコイ川) デルタを中心とする地域の歴史的呼称。ほぼマー川以北をさす。前漢の武帝時代から中国に服属し,交趾郡あるいは交州などと呼ばれていたが,10世紀に独立。ベトナム人の諸王朝が北方の中国,南方のチャンパ王国と争いつつ盛衰した。 1430年大越 (後黎朝) の首都がトンキン (現ハノイ) に定められ,18世紀初頭から,ここに拠る鄭氏の支配地域が,ヨーロッパ人によってトンキンと呼ばれるようになった。 1872年のトンキン事件などを経て,83年にフランスの保護領となり,87~1945年にはアンナン,コーチシナ,カンボジア,ラオスとともにフランス領インドシナ連邦を構成。第2次世界大戦後は,ベトナム独立運動の中心となった。紅河デルタは肥沃で,米を中心に,ココヤシ,サトウキビなどが栽培される。ハノイ,ハイフォン,ナムディンなどの大都市があり,近代工業も発達。ホンガイの無煙炭をはじめ,地下資源にも恵まれる。北部,西部の山地にはタイ族,ミヤオ (苗) 族などの少数民族が住む。
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