Dresden - Doresuden (English spelling) Dresden

Japanese: ドレスデン - どれすでん（英語表記）Dresden

The capital of the state of Saxony in central-eastern Germany. From 1949 to 1990, it was part of the former East Germany. It is located on the Elbe River at an altitude of 106 meters, and has a population of 477,800 (2000). It is the center of commerce, industry, transportation, education, and culture in the state. It developed on both sides of the Elbe River, which are connected by seven bridges. The average annual temperature is 9°C. Winters are mild, and spring comes as early as in the Neckar River valley in southern Germany. Industry began in the late 19th century and developed after World War II, with precision optical equipment such as cameras, televisions, and X-ray equipment, as well as traditional tobacco and food industries (especially beer brewing). The city center was destroyed during World War II, but after the war, efforts were made to preserve the characteristics of the old town, and it came to be called "Florence north of the Alps". The Zwinger Palace, churches, and the royal castle have been restored to their former splendor. The Zwinger Palace is a treasure trove of German cultural heritage, with various art galleries and museums housed within, and Raphael's Sistine Madonna is one of its most well-known works. There are also many higher education institutions, including the University of Technology, the University of Applied Arts, the University of Music, and the Army University. Grapes are grown on the mountain slopes to the north of the city. Also, on the north side of the Elbe River is the new town of Dresden, with its planned roads, and a Japanese garden.

[Hiroshi Sasaki]

history

It was founded near a Slavic settlement in the March of Meissen, became a city in the 13th century, and acquired jurisdiction and designated market rights in the 15th century. At that time, the population was about 4,000. After the division of 1485, it became part of the Albertine Wettiner family, and flourished as the capital of the Electorate of Saxony in the late 16th century. The old town on the left bank of the Elbe was surrounded by stone ramparts and bastions in the Dutch style, and became a center of arts and crafts. The golden age of Baroque culture flourished in the 100 years after the Thirty Years' War, when Zwinger Palace, Augustus Bridge, Grosser Garten (Great Park), and the new town on the right bank were built, the population grew to about 50,000, and it was known as "Florence on the Elbe" for its collection of arts and crafts and ceramics. It was damaged during the Seven Years' War and the Napoleonic Wars, but was rebuilt, and in the 19th century, various industries developed due to its location at a railway crossing. There were many foreign residents, and the riverside terrace was called the "Balcony of Europe." The city center was destroyed in an air raid in February 1945. In 1946, it became the capital of the state of Saxony, and from 1952, it became the capital of the former East German prefecture of Dresden. After German reunification in 1990, it became the capital of the state of Saxony.

[Minoru Morota]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ドイツ中東部、ザクセン州の州都。1949～90年は旧東ドイツに属した。エルベ川に沿う標高106メートルの地にあり、人口47万7800（2000）。州の商工業、交通、教育、文化の中心地である。エルベ川の両岸に発達し、両岸は七つの橋で結ばれている。年平均気温は9℃。冬は温和で、春の訪れも南ドイツのネッカー川の谷と同じくらい早い。工業は19世紀後半におこり、第二次世界大戦後に発展し、カメラ、テレビ、X線撮影装置などの精密光学機械のほか、伝統的なたばこ、食品工業（とくにビール醸造）が立地する。第二次世界大戦で都心部は破壊されたが、戦後、古い町の特色を保存するよう努力が払われ、「アルプス北のフィレンツェ」ともよばれるようになり、ツウィンガー宮殿、教会、王城など、昔のおもかげがそのままに復旧された。ツウィンガー宮殿はドイツ文化遺産の宝庫で、宮殿内が各種の美術館、博物館となっており、ラファエッロの『システィナの聖母』はその代表的な所蔵作品である。工業総合大学、工芸大学、音楽大学、陸軍大学など高等教育機関も多い。市の北側の山地斜面にはブドウが栽培されている。またエルベ川北側には計画的道路をもつドレスデン新市があり、日本庭園もある。

［佐々木博］

歴史

マイセン辺境伯領のスラブ人集落の近くにおこり、13世紀に都市になり、15世紀に裁判権、指定市場権を獲得した。当時の人口は約4000であった。1485年の分割でアルベルト系ウェッティナー家領に属し、16世紀後半ザクセン選帝侯国の首都として栄えた。エルベ川左岸の旧市はオランダ風に石の塁壁(るいへき)と稜堡(りょうほ)で囲まれ、美術工芸の中心地となった。三十年戦争後の100年余りはバロック文化の花開く黄金時代で、ツウィンガー宮殿、アウグスト橋、グローサー・ガルテン（大公園）、右岸の新市がつくられ、人口は約5万となり、美術工芸品と陶磁器の収集で名高く「エルベ河畔のフィレンツェ」とよばれた。七年戦争、ナポレオン戦争で被害を受けたが復興し、19世紀には鉄道の交点であることから各種工業が発達した。外国人居住者が多く、河畔のテラスは「ヨーロッパのバルコニー」といわれた。1945年2月の空襲で市の中心部は壊滅した。46年ザクセン州の州都、52年以降は旧東ドイツのドレスデン県の県都、90年のドイツ再統一後、ザクセン州の州都となった。

［諸田　實］

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