Family difference - Umbrella

Japanese: 科差 - かさ

…There have been no examples of this in the unified dynasties of China. In the Inner Commanderies, the tax system consisted of the payment of grain as a land tax and the payment of silver and silk thread (silk) as a substitute for labor, while in Jiangnan, the tax law based on the two tax laws of the Song Dynasty was applied as is. In this case, it is quite natural that the two tax laws were implemented in Jiangnan as before after the subjugation of the Southern Song Dynasty, but the problem is the tax system and the tax system applied to the Inner Commanderies. …

From [Baogin]

...The people of northern China under the rule of the Mongol Empire were required to maintain the relay and cooperate in the military as a duty of the vassal state. Various types of keshi (payments in kind for hard labor) were imposed. The Han nobles who were entrusted with the military and civil governance of the Han region generally collected these keshi in the form of silk thread, which served as a substitute for currency, since the Han region was in an absolute shortage of currency (copper coins) at the time.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "kasa" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…歴代中国の統一王朝でこのような例は絶無である。内郡では田賦を穀物で納める税糧と徭役の代替として銀･糸(絹糸)を納入する科差とから成るのに対し，江南では宋の両税法に基づく税役法がそのまま適用されたからである。この場合，南宋平定後の江南に従来のまま両税法が施行されたのはきわめて自然であるが，問題なのは内郡に行われた税糧，科差である。…

【包銀】より

…モンゴル帝国支配下の華北の民に対しては属領の義務として駅伝維持･軍事協力を目的とする。各種の科差(徭役の物納)が賦課されていた。漢地の軍民統治を委託された漢人世侯は，当時の漢地が通貨(銅銭)の絶対的欠乏状態にあった関係上，代替通貨の機能を果たしていた糸料(絹糸)によってこれらの科差を徴集するのが一般的であった。…

※「科差」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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