The music of the Republic of Turkey, which consists of Asia Minor and parts of the Balkan Peninsula. It is divided into genres such as military music, religious music, classical music, folk music, Western music, and light music, and the instruments used are also clearly distinguished. Its classical music is one of the important traditional music of the Islamic world. When the Seljuk Empire established the Anatolian state in the 11th century, it adopted Arab and Persian music under the influence of Persian culture. When the Ottoman Empire, which emerged at the end of the 13th century, completed a vast empire spanning Asia, Europe, and Africa, its traditions absorbed musical cultures from various regions and were refined, and by the 18th century it had become the mainstream of music in the Islamic world. However, whether it is maqam, the rhythmic cycle usur (→ 'ika), or the large-scale musical form called fasr, it is more finely and methodically systematized. One important part of the classical music tradition is the ritual music called sema and the whirling dance of the Mehlevi sect, whose founder is Rumi. Turkey's rich folk music has elements in common with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, but at the same time it also bears traces of the many layers of ancient history of Asia Minor (from the Hittite civilization of 2000 BC to the Greek and Roman eras) that existed before the Turks invaded, and is extremely varied from region to region. The military music of the Janissaries established during the Ottoman period was imported to Europe in the early 18th century, and was used as "Turkish music" by Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and others. As part of the modernization of Turkey following Kemal Ataturk's proclamation of the Republic in 1923, Western music was introduced into school education, and a new Turkish music based on folk songs was created. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
小アジアとバルカン半島の一部から成るトルコ共和国の音楽。軍楽,宗教音楽,古典音楽,民俗音楽,洋楽,軽音楽などのジャンルに分れており楽器もはっきりと区別されている。その古典音楽はイスラム圏の重要な伝統音楽の一つ。 11世紀にセルジューク朝がアナトリア国家を建設すると,ペルシア文化の影響のもとにアラブ,ペルシアの音楽が取入れられた。 13世紀末に興ったオスマン朝がアジア,ヨーロッパ,アフリカにまたがる広大な帝国を完成するにいたって,その伝統は各地の音楽文化を吸収し洗練されていき,18世紀になるとイスラム世界の音楽の主流となった。ただし,マカームにせよ,リズム周期のウスール (→イーカー ) にせよ,ファスルと呼ばれる大規模な楽式にせよ,より細かく整然と体系化されている。古典音楽の伝統の流れの一つとして重要なのは,ルーミーを教祖とするメフレビー教団のセマーと呼ばれる儀式の音楽と旋回舞踊である。トルコの豊かな民族音楽は,中央アジアのトルコ系諸民族のそれと共通した要素をもつと同時に,トルコ人侵入以前の小アジア (前 2000年のヒッタイト文明からギリシア・ローマ時代にいたる) の古い歴史の諸層の跡を残し,地域によってきわめて変化に富んでいる。オスマン時代に設置されたイェニチェリの軍楽は 18世紀初めにヨーロッパに輸入され,グルック,ハイドン,モーツァルト,ベートーベンらに「トルコ音楽」として使われた。 1923年ケマル・アタチュルクの共和国宣言に続くトルコ近代化の一環として,西洋音楽が学校教育に取入れられ,民謡を基礎にした新しいトルコ音楽の創造が行われている。
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