A retail store that sells daily necessities, miscellaneous goods, and food, mainly medicines, health foods, and cosmetics. It does not provide the counseling function of a pharmacy and generally operates on a self-service basis, but some drugstores have pharmacists on-site to sell face-to-face. In Japan, stores that can sell medicines are divided into "pharmacies" where pharmacists dispense based on prescriptions, and "store retailers" that sell only over-the-counter drugs (general medicines). Drugstores operate with licenses for either "pharmacy" or "store retailers." They are characterized by long business hours, and their business model is to attract customers by selling daily necessities and food at discounted prices, and make profits from medicines and cosmetics with higher interest rates. They are a type of specialty store, just like electronics retailers and home centers. Drugstores were established as a retail business in the United States in the late 19th century. They were originally medical stores, but they also sold daily necessities, tobacco, confectionery, newspapers, magazines, books, etc., and many stores also had a light food and drink counter called a "soda fountain". Coca-Cola, a symbol of American culture, was first served at drugstores with soda fountains. In Japan, drugstores were born in the 1970s when pharmacies and medical stores formed voluntary chains to jointly purchase goods and develop their own brands. From the late 1980s, their style of offering a wide range of health foods and cosmetics at low prices gained popularity among consumers, and they began opening stores in front of train stations, in downtown areas, and in the suburbs. Large chains acquired small and medium-sized stores one after another, expanding their scale and growing rapidly, and in 2008 (Heisei 20), the drugstore business type was first classified in the "Japan Standard Industrial Classification (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)". There used to be regional divisions of drug stores, such as Tsuruha Drug and Ain Pharmacies in Hokkaido, Welcia, Matsumotokiyoshi, Sundrug, and Fuji Yakuhin in Kanto, Sugi Pharmacy in Chubu, and Cosmos Yakuhin in Kyushu, but reorganization beyond regions is underway due to the expansion of online sales of over-the-counter drugs and rising labor costs due to a shortage of pharmacists. Japan's total sales in fiscal 2018 were 7,274.4 billion yen, with 20,228 stores. Sales have tripled and the number of stores has doubled since fiscal 2000. In terms of retail market size, it exceeds department stores (just under 6 trillion yen) and is third in size after supermarkets (approximately 13 trillion yen) and convenience stores (approximately 11 trillion yen). [Editorial Department, January 21, 2020] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
医薬品や健康食品、化粧品を中心に、日用品、雑貨、食品などを扱う小売店。薬局のカウンセリング機能を省き、原則消費者がセルフサービス方式で購入する形態をとるが、薬剤師が常駐して対面販売を行うドラッグストアもある。日本で医薬品を販売できる店は、薬剤師が処方箋(しょほうせん)に基づいて調剤する「薬局」と、大衆薬(一般用医薬品)のみを販売する「店舗販売業」に分かれており、ドラッグストアは「薬局」ないし「店舗販売業」のどちらかの許可を受けて営業している。営業時間が長いという特徴があり、日用品や食品などを値引き販売して集客し、利率率の高い医薬品や化粧品で利益を稼ぐ事業モデルをとる。家電量販店やホームセンターなどと同じ専門店の一種である。 ドラッグストアはアメリカで19世紀後半に小売業として確立した。もともと医薬品店であったが、日用雑貨、たばこ、菓子、新聞・雑誌、書籍などをあわせて販売し、「ソーダ・ファウンテンsoda fountain」とよばれる軽飲食カウンターを併設する店が多い。アメリカ文化を象徴するコカ・コーラは、ソーダ・ファウンテン併設のドラッグストアで提供されたのが始まりである。日本では1970年代、薬局・医薬品店が共同仕入れや独自ブランド開発のためにボランタリー・チェーンを形成して誕生した。1980年代後半から、健康食品、化粧品を品ぞろえし、低価格で販売するスタイルが消費者に支持され、駅前、繁華街、郊外への出店が加速した。大手チェーンが中小店を次々に買収し、規模拡大しながら急成長をとげ、2008年(平成20)に初めて「日本標準産業分類(総務省)」にドラッグストアという業態分類が設けられた。北海道のツルハドラッグ、アインファーマシーズ、関東のウエルシア、マツモトキヨシ、サンドラッグ、富士薬品、中部のスギ薬局、九州のコスモス薬品といった地域すみ分けがあったが、大衆薬のネット販売拡大や薬剤師不足による人件費上昇などから、地域を越えた再編が進みつつある。日本の2018年度の総売上高は7兆2744億円、店舗は2万0228店。2000年度に比べ売上高は約3倍、店舗数は約2倍に増えた。小売りの市場規模としては、百貨店(6兆円弱)を上回り、スーパー(約13兆円)やコンビニエンスストア(約11兆円)に次ぐ規模である。 [編集部 2020年1月21日] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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