Also called a cupola or dome. A roof or ceiling with a circular base that bulges upward and is placed on a circular, square, or polygonal surface. It is made of stone or brick, but because the attachment point is subject to a force that spreads horizontally, large ones must either increase the thickness of the supporting wall or, as in Gothic architecture, use buttresses or flying buttresses to absorb this force. Domes have been widely used since ancient times in areas where masonry is used as a roof structure, but because of the centripetal completeness of the circle and the microcosmic symbolism of the hemisphere, they have been used extensively and have developed in a unique way, especially in Christian architecture. Since they are generally placed on a square surface, methods have been devised to transition this to the circular base of the dome. A pendentive is a spherical triangle placed at the four corners, and a squinch is a corner that has arch-shaped overhangs stacked on top of each other to create a surface that is close to a circle. The cylindrical part that is fitted under the dome is called a tambour. A dome is often constructed as a double shell for structural and aesthetic reasons, such as the dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore by F. Brunelleschi. There is also a method of constructing a dome by assembling a number of stone or wooden beams into a polygonal shape, as in China and other countries. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
クーポラ,円蓋ともいう。円形,方形または多角形の平面の上にかけられる基部を円形とする上方にふくれあがった屋根あるいは天井。石または煉瓦造で造られるが,その取付部に水平方向に広がる力が働くため,大規模なものでは支持体の壁厚を大きくするか,ゴシック建築にみられるように,バットレスあるいはフライング・バットレスを用いてこの力を吸収しなければならない。ドームは屋根面の架構法として組積造を行う地域で古くから広く用いられてきたが,円形のもつ求心的完結性と半球面が示す小宇宙的な象徴性のために,特にキリスト教建築においては多用され,独特の展開をみた。一般的には方形の平面の上にかけられるため,これをドーム基部の円形に移行させるための方法が工夫されている。ペンデンティブは四隅に球面三角形を配するものであり,スキンチは隅部にアーチ状の迫 (せり) 出しを重ねて円形に近い平面を得ようとするものである。なおドーム部分の下にはめ込まれる円筒状の部分はタンブールと呼ばれる。ドームは構造上の必要および美的な配慮から二重殼として造られることも多く,F.ブルネレスキによるサンタ・マリア・デル・フィオーレ大聖堂のドームはその例である。また多数の石材または木材の梁を用いて多角形に組みながらドーム状に建上げていく方法もあり,中国などにその伝統がある。
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