Yogyakarta - Jokjakarta (English spelling)

Japanese: ジョクジャカルタ - じょくじゃかるた（英語表記）Jokjakarta

A city in central Java, Indonesia. It is the central city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. It is also called Yogyakarta. It has a population of 470,800 (estimated in 2001), 427,801 (estimated in 2018). It is located on a plain at the southern foot of the constantly emitting volcano Merapi. The Winongo and Chode rivers run through the city. Located in the fertile plain, it has developed as a center of Hindu culture since ancient times, and its calm atmosphere is compared to Kyoto in Japan. It is also close to world-famous cultural sites such as Borobudur and Prambanan. It became the capital of the Mataram Kingdom after the 18th century, and the southern part of the city is still occupied by the Sultan's royal palace (kraton), and various buildings and servants' houses are lined up around it, leaving the impression of an old castle town. The Sonobudoyo Museum, which occupies the northwest of the square in front of the royal palace, exhibits the cultural heritage of Central Java. Additionally, the ruins of the Water Palace (Tamansari) remain slightly west of the palace. The city is known for producing traditional crafts such as Javanese batik, silverwork and sculpture, and classical arts such as gamelan music and wayang theater are also preserved, giving it a rich ancient capital atmosphere. During the War of Independence (1946-1949), it was temporarily the capital of Indonesia. It is home to the highly academic national Gadjah Mada University and the National Institute of Islamic Studies, making it one of the centers of Javanese academia. In Imogiri to the south, there are the mausoleums of successive generations of the Mataram Kingdom.

[Atsuhiko Bekki]

history

Since the end of the 16th century, the Mataram Kingdom, which had ruled central-eastern Java, gradually lost its power due to struggles over the throne and pressure from the Dutch East India Company, which took advantage of this. In 1755, the kingdom was divided into two independent states, eastern and western Surakarta, with Sultan Hamengkubuwono I ruling over Yogyakarta in the western half. Tensions continued for some time after that, but after the Java War (1825-1830), the Dutch government reduced the territories of both families and established new borders, putting an end to the discord. The Sultanate of Yogyakarta, along with the Suhunan territory of Surakarta, were subsequently recognized as indirectly ruled as princely estates, vorstenlanden, which continued until World War II.

[Takashi Nakamura]

[References] | Mataram

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

インドネシア、ジャワ島中部の都市。ジョクジャカルタ特別地域の中心都市。ジョグジャカルタYogyakartaともいう。人口約47万0800（2001推計）、42万7801（2018推計）。絶えず噴煙を吐くメラピ火山南麓(なんろく)の平野に位置する。ウィノンゴ、チョデなどの川が市を貫いて流れる。肥沃(ひよく)な平野の中にあって古くからヒンドゥー文化の中心として発達し、その落ち着いた雰囲気は日本の京都に比べられる。ボロブドゥール、プランバナンなどの世界的に有名な文化遺跡にも近い。18世紀以後マタラム王国の首都となり、市の南部はいまもスルタンの王宮（クラトン）で占められ、それを中心に各種の建物、従者の住宅が建ち並び、昔ながらの城下町のおもかげを残す。王宮前の広場の北西を占めるソノブドヨ博物館は中部ジャワの文化的遺産を展示する。また王宮のやや西に水の王宮（タマンサリ）の遺跡も残る。市はジャワ更紗(さらさ)（バティック）、銀細工、彫刻などの伝統工芸品生産で知られ、ガムラン音楽、ワヤン劇などの古典芸術も保存され、古都としての雰囲気に富む。独立戦争当時（1946～1949）、一時インドネシアの首都となった。学問的レベルの高い国立ガジャマダ大学をはじめ、国立イスラム研究所もあってジャワ学術の一中心をなしている。南方のイモギリにはマタラム王国歴代の廟(びょう)がある。

［別技篤彦］

歴史

16世紀末以来、ジャワ中東部を領したマタラム王国は、王位継承の争いと、これに乗ずるオランダ東インド会社に圧迫され、しだいに勢力を失ったが、1755年には、スラカルタ、ジョクジャカルタの東西二つの独立国に分けられ、西半部にはスルタン・ハメンクブオノSultan Hamengkubuwono Ⅰのジョクジャカルタ統治が始まった。両家の関係は、その後もしばらく緊張が続いたが、ジャワ戦争（1825～1830）以後、オランダ政府は両家の領地を削り、新たに境界線を定めて不和に終止符を打った。ジョクジャカルタのスルタン領は、スラカルタのスフーナン領とともに、その後も侯領地vorstenlandenとして間接統治が認められ、第二次世界大戦に及んだ。

［中村孝志］

[参照項目] | マタラム

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例

<<: Tentacles -

>>: Meals - Meals