Dam (English spelling)

Japanese: ダム（英語表記）dam

A structure that blocks rivers or valleys and stores water for irrigation, power generation, soil and flood control, etc. Depending on the purpose, they are called water supply dams, irrigation dams, power generation dams, erosion control dams, etc., and those that fulfill multiple roles are called multipurpose dams. Based on the construction material, they are classified into concrete dams, earth dams made by piling up soil and sand, and rockfill dams made by piling up rocks. Concrete dams are also classified into gravity dams, hollow gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, etc., depending on the construction method. Construction began in ancient Assyria and Egypt, and their style and size have changed with the development of technology and socio-economic conditions. In recent years, there has been a trend toward larger dams due to their economic benefits. Famous dams include the Three Gorges Dam in China (1994-2009), which has the world's largest power generation capacity, the Itaipu Dam in Paraguay (1975-82), the Nurek Dam in Tajikistan (completed in 1980), which is one of the world's largest dams with a dam height of 300m, and the Grande Dixence Dam in Switzerland (1951-61), which has a dam height of 285m. In Japan, the Okutadami Dam (1953-61) and Kurobe Dam (1956-63) are well known.

dam
Dam, (Carl Peter) Henrik

Born: February 21, 1895 in Copenhagen
Died: April 24, 1976. Danish biochemist. Graduated from the Technical University of Copenhagen (1920), and served as assistant professor (28) and associate professor (29) at the same university. He received his doctorate in 1934. In 1940, he went to the United States, where he continued his research mainly at the University of Rochester. In 1946, he returned to Japan and became professor of biochemistry at his alma mater. While an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen, he discovered vitamin K while investigating cholesterol metabolism in chicks, and in 1939, independently of E. Doidge, he isolated and reported the vitamin (later called vitamin K ₁ ) from alfalfa. For this achievement, he and Doidge were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1943.

dam
Damme

A town in the province of West Flanders in western Belgium. Located northeast of Bruges, it was once located on the estuary of the Zwijn River and was a bustling outer port for the city in the 13th and 14th centuries, with its maritime laws governing the merchants of the Hanseatic League. In the 15th century, the Zwijn River was silted up and the town lost its port function. Today it is an agricultural settlement on a polder (reclaimed land). Remnants of the Middle Ages can be seen in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame (1225-1485), the town hall (64-68), and the museum building. Population 10,645 (1991).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

灌漑，発電，治山治水などのため，河川や渓谷をせき止めて水を蓄える構造物。目的によって水道用，灌漑用，発電用，砂防用などと呼ばれ，複数の役割を果たすものは多目的ダムと呼ばれる。構造材料に基づき，コンクリートダム，土砂を盛ってつくるアースダム，岩石を積み上げてつくるロックフィルダムなどに分類される。また，コンクリートダムは，その構造方式によって，重力ダム，中空重力ダム，アーチダム，バットレスダムなどに分けられる。古代のアッシリアやエジプトで築造が始まり，技術や社会経済の発達に伴い，その様式や規模も変遷を重ねてきた。近年は経済的効果から巨大化の傾向がみられる。有名なものに，世界最大規模の発電量をもつ中国の三峡ダム（1994～2009）やパラグアイのイタイプダム（1975～82），堤高で 300mと世界最大級のタジキスタンのヌレクダム（1980竣工），堤高 285mのスイスのグラン・ディクサンスダム（1951～61）などがある。日本国内では，奥只見ダム（1953～61）や黒部ダム（1956～63）などが知られる。

ダム
Dam， (Carl Peter) Henrik

[生]1895.2.21. コペンハーゲン
[没]1976.4.24. コペンハーゲン
デンマークの生化学者。コペンハーゲン工業大学卒業 (1920) 。同大学助教授 (28) ，準教授 (29) 。 1934年同大学で学位取得。 40年アメリカに渡り，主としてロチェスター大学で研究を続けた。 46年帰国し，母校の生化学教授。コペンハーゲン大学準教授の時代，ニワトリの雛のコレステロール代謝を調べているときビタミンKを発見し，39年に，E.ドイジとは独立に，アルファルファからビタミン (のちにビタミン K₁ と呼ばれた) を単離，報告した。この業績によって，ドイジとともに 43年にノーベル生理学・医学賞を受賞した。

ダム
Damme

ベルギー西部，ウェストフランデレン州の町。ブリュッヘの北東方に位置し，かつてはズワイン川の三角江にあって，13～14世紀には同市の外港としてにぎわい，その海事法はハンザ同盟の商人たちを支配した。 15世紀にズワイン川に土砂が堆積し，港湾の機能を失った。現在ではポルダー (干拓地) 上の農業集落。中世の名残りはノートル・ダム聖堂 (1225～1485) ，市庁舎 (64～68) ，博物館の建物などにみることができる。人口1万 645 (1991) 。

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