Latitude Observatory - Idokansokujo

Japanese: 緯度観測所 - いどかんそくじょ
Latitude Observatory - Idokansokujo

An institution for observing and studying the phenomenon of latitude change. In order to clarify the polar motion (one aspect of the disturbance of the Earth's rotation) discovered in the 1880s, the International Geodesy Association organized the "International Latitude Observation Project" and established six observatories at 39 degrees 8 minutes north latitude around the world. In Japan, it was established in 1899 (Meiji 32) in Mizusawa City, Iwate Prefecture (now Oshu City) as a temporary latitude observatory under the Ministry of Education's research institute. The z term discovered in 1902 by the first director, Kimura Hisashi, is famous as an example of observational verification of the non-rigidity of the Earth's internal structure. The name of the latitude observatory comes from the fact that at the time of its establishment, the only means of observing the Earth's rotation was latitude observation using a zenith telescope. Later, with the development of measurement technology, photo zenith tubes and astrolabes that could also observe longitude were introduced, and geophysical observations such as gravimeters, extensometers, and strainmeters were also started. Thus, it has come to be characterized as a place for comprehensive research into "the rotation and deformation of the Earth." It also serves as the central office for the International Polar Motion Project and acts as an international center for Earth rotation research, overseeing 70 observatories in about 30 countries around the world. In 1988, jurisdiction was transferred to the National Astronomical Observatory, and after merging with the VERA Observatory, it is now the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory of the National Astronomical Observatory.

[Kouichi Yokoyama]

[References] | Sakae Kimura | Polar Motion | National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Latitude Observatory
The observatory in Mizusawa City, Iwate Prefecture (now Oshu City), is lined with a number of observation rooms. The photo shows the premises in 1959 (Showa 34) © National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Latitude Observatory

Latitude Observatory Building
It was built in 1900 (Meiji 33) and was used as a research laboratory until 1966 (Showa 41). It is currently open to the public as the Kimura Sakae Memorial Museum, where observation equipment and other items are on display. Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture ©National Astronomical Observatory ">

Latitude Observatory Building

Latitude Observatory Main Building (Oshu Space Museum)
This two-story wooden German-style building was built in 1921 (Taisho 10) and used until 1967 (Showa 42). Since 2008 (Heisei 20), it has been hosting exhibitions related to astronomy and space as the Oshu Space and Astronomy Museum. Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture ©Oshu Space and Astronomy Museum ">

Latitude Observatory Main Building (Oshu Space Museum)

Visual zenith
Used at the Latitude Observatory (now Mizusawa VLBI Observatory). Aperture 108mm, focal length 1289mm. Kimura Ei Memorial Museum, Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture ©National Astronomical Observatory of Japan ">

Visual zenith


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

緯度変化現象を観測・研究するための機関。1880年代に発見された極運動(地球回転の乱れの一側面)の解明のため、国際測地学協会は「国際緯度観測事業」を組織し、世界各地の北緯39度8分上の6か所に観測所を設置した。日本では1899年(明治32)岩手県水沢市(現奥州(おうしゅう)市)に文部省所轄研究所の臨時緯度観測所として発足した。1902年に初代所長木村栄(ひさし)が発見したz項は、地球内部構造の非剛体性の観測的検証の一例として名高い。緯度観測所の名称は、設立当時、地球回転観測の唯一の手段が天頂儀による緯度観測であったことに由来している。その後、計測技術の発展に伴い、経度観測も可能な写真天頂筒やアストロラーベも導入され、また重力計、伸縮計、歪(ひずみ)計などの地球物理学的観測も開始された。このように、現在は「地球の回転と変形」を総合的に研究する場としての性格を有するに至っている。また、国際極運動事業の中央局として、世界の約30か国、70観測所を傘下に収める地球回転研究の国際センターとしても活動している。なお、1988年(昭和63)に所轄が国立天文台へ移り、VERA観測所との統合などを経て、現在は国立天文台水沢VLBI観測所。

[横山紘一]

[参照項目] | 木村栄 | 極運動 | 国立天文台
緯度観測所
いくつもの観測室が建ち並ぶ岩手県水沢市(現、奥州市)の観測所。写真は1959年(昭和34)の構内のようす©国立天文台">

緯度観測所

緯度観測所庁舎
1900年(明治33)に建設され、1966年(昭和41)まで研究室として使用された。現在は木村榮記念館として公開され、観測機器などが展示されている。岩手県奥州市©国立天文台">

緯度観測所庁舎

緯度観測所本館(奥州宇宙遊学館)
1921年(大正10)に建設され、1967年(昭和42)まで使用された木造2階建てのドイツ風建築。2008年(平成20)より奥州宇宙遊学館として天文や宇宙に関する展示を行っている。岩手県奥州市©奥州宇宙遊学館">

緯度観測所本館(奥州宇宙遊学館)

眼視天頂儀
緯度観測所(現、水沢VLBI観測所)で使用されたもの。口径108mm、焦点距離1289mm。岩手県奥州市 木村榮記念館©国立天文台">

眼視天頂儀


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