Red clay

Japanese: 赤土 - あかつち
Red clay

A brown soil layer beneath the black soil on the surface in areas of Japan where volcanic ash is distributed, such as the Kanto Loam layer. This soil layer has long been called red soil because it has a bright reddish hue compared to the blackness of the topsoil. In the Kanto, Tohoku, Chubu, Kyushu, and Hokkaido regions where volcanic ash is distributed, red soil refers to the dense brown soil found in the subsoil of cultivated land and in cuts along roads. Because it contains a lot of clay particles and has a high water content, if it is exposed directly to the surface, it can cause mud after rain and dust damage during strong winds. The redness (actually brown) is due to iron oxide, a weathering product of volcanic ash, and the clayey quality is due to fine particles of secondary minerals (mainly allophane) that are altered from volcanic glass and volcanic rock fragments.

Even if the soil is not of volcanic ash origin, it may still be called red soil if it is brown or reddish in color compared to the gray or light yellow soil layers above and below it or in adjacent areas, but in any case, the term red soil has no academic definition. On the other hand, the "red soil" and "yellow soil" found in southwestern Japan, particularly in Tokai, Chugoku, Kitakyushu, and Okinawa, is redder than the so-called red soils found in volcanic ash areas, and is soil that formed over a long period of time in a subtropical climate, and is not of volcanic ash origin. It has a similar origin to lateritic soils in tropical regions, and belongs to a type defined by soil science.

The red soil used for adding soil to sandy soil and for bonsai is provided by clay-rich soil of volcanic ash origin.

[Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe]

[Reference item] | Akadama soil | Kanto loam layer

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

関東ローム層で代表される日本の火山灰の分布地帯で、地表の黒土(くろつち)の下にある褐色の土層。表土の黒さと比べて、明るい赤みを感じさせるために、古くからこの土層は赤土とよばれてきた。火山灰の分布する関東、東北、中部、九州、北海道の各地方で赤土といえば、耕地の下層土や道路わきの切り通しにみられる褐色の緻密(ちみつ)な土壌をさす。粘土粒子が多くかつ含水比が高いので、直接地表に露出している場合は、雨後のぬかるみや強風時の塵害(じんがい)の原因となる。赤み(実は褐色)の根源は火山灰の風化生成物としての酸化鉄にあり、粘土質の由来は火山ガラスや火山岩片の変質した二次鉱物(主としてアロフェン)の微粒子による。

 火山灰起源の土壌でなくても、その上下の層や隣接地にある灰色や淡黄色の土層に比べて褐色または赤色を帯びる場合は、やはり赤土とよばれることもあるが、いずれにせよ赤土の呼称は学問的に定義づけられたものではない。一方、西南日本とくに東海、中国、北九州、沖縄などに分布する「赤色土」や「黄色土」は、火山灰地帯のいわゆる赤土よりも赤みが強く、亜熱帯気候下で長期間を経て生成した土壌であり、火山灰起源ではない。熱帯地方のラテライト性土壌に近い成因をもち、土壌学的に定義された類型に属している。

 砂質地における客土材料や、盆栽などで使われる赤土には、粘土質に富む火山灰起源の土壌が供与される。

[浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子]

[参照項目] | 赤玉土 | 関東ローム層

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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