Taney, Roger Brooke

Japanese: トーニー（英語表記）Taney， Roger Brooke

Born March 17, 1777 in Calvert, Maryland
Died: October 12, 1864, Washington, D.C.
American politician and lawyer. He was initially active as a Federalist in the Maryland State House of Representatives, then became a senator on the side of A. Jackson, and was appointed Attorney General to President Jackson in 1831, and Secretary of the Treasury in 1833. He played an active role in assisting President Jackson in the Second Bank of the United States issue. In 1836, he succeeded J. Marshall as the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Contrary to Marshall's tendency to expand the power of the federal government, he emphasized the power of state governments, and in the Charles Bridge case in 1837, he suppressed the power of companies that were against the public interest. In the Dred Scott decision in 1857, which addressed the issue of slavery in the expanding western United States, he invalidated the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, and ruled in favor of the South and did not recognize blacks as citizens, which led to an intensification of conflict between the North and the South and was one of the major causes of the Civil War.

Tawny
Tawney, Richard Henry

Born: November 30, 1880, Calcutta
[Died] January 16, 1962, London. British economic historian and social thinker. From the standpoint of Christian socialism, he devoted himself to the study of labor issues and to the education of workers. He joined the Labour Party in 1906. From 1905 to 1932, he led the Workers' Educational Association (WEA). From 1931 to 1949, he was a professor of economic history at the University of London. As an economic historian, his interest in agricultural issues in modern Britain led him to criticize capitalist society through his research into economic history, focusing on the agricultural land problem in the Tudor period. His major works include The Agrarian Problem in the 16th Century (1912) and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (26).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1777.3.17. メリーランド，カルバート
[没]1864.10.12. ワシントンD.C.
アメリカの政治家，法律家。初めメリーランド州下院で連邦派として活躍したあと，A.ジャクソン派上院議員となり，1831年ジャクソン大統領の司法長官，33年財務長官に就任。「第二合衆国銀行」問題でジャクソン大統領を助けて活躍。 36年 J.マーシャルを継いで第5代の連邦最高裁判所長官となった。マーシャルの連邦政府の権限の拡大を目指す傾向とは逆に，州政府の権限を重視，また 37年の「チャールズ橋事件」では公共の利益に反する会社の権限を押えた。拡大する合衆国西部での奴隷制を問題とした 57年の「ドレッド・スコット判決」では「ミズーリ妥協」と「1850年の妥協」を無効とし，南部に有利で，黒人を市民として認めない内容の判決を下し，南北の対立の激化を招き，南北戦争の重要な原因の一つをつくった。

トーニー
Tawney， Richard Henry

[生]1880.11.30. カルカッタ
[没]1962.1.16. ロンドン
イギリスの経済史家，社会思想家。キリスト教的な社会主義の立場から労働問題の研究，労働者教育に尽力。 1906年労働党に入党。 05～32年労働者教育協会 WEAを指導。 31～49年ロンドン大学経済史教授。経済史家としては，現代イギリスの農業問題への関心から発し，チューダー朝時代の農業土地問題を中心とする経済史研究を通じて資本主義社会への批判を行なった。主著『16世紀の土地問題』 The Agrarian Problem in the 16th Century (1912) ，『宗教と資本主義の勃興』 Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (26) 。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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