It is one of the quantum numbers that characterize elementary particles, and is also known as strangeness. A group of elementary particles that have strong interactions are collectively called hadrons, and these particles, such as protons and neutrons (collectively called nucleons), or π (pi) mesons (with charges of + e , 0, and -e ), all differ only in the value of their electric charge, but are very similar in mass and other properties. To understand this fact, consider an abstract space (isospin space) in which hadron particles have angular momentum (isospin) I. In quantum mechanics, the value of I is an integer or half integer, and its components, such as the third axis component I3 , have discrete values of 2I +1. The I of a nucleon is 1/2, and I3 is +1/2 for protons and -1/2 for neutrons. For π mesons, I = 1, and I3 = 1, 0, -1. Next , if the heavy particle (baryon) number B is set to 1 for nucleons and 0 for pions, the particle's charge Q can be expressed in units of e as Q = I3 + ( B /2). In other words, hadron particles are considered to have a constant angular momentum I in isospin space, and their charge varies depending on the inclination of the angular momentum with respect to the third axis. As new elementary particles were discovered with the progress of high-energy experiments, it became clear that hadrons must be assigned a new integer-valued quantum number S (strangeness) in addition to the isospin and baryon number mentioned above. For nucleons and π mesons, S = 0, and particles with S ≠ 0 are called strange particles. Thus, the charge of a particle for all hadrons can be expressed as Q = I3 + ( B + S )/2, and this relationship is called the Nakano-Nishijima-Gell-Mann rule. It can also be written as B + S ≡ Y , and is called hypercharge, and the quantum numbers that appear in these definitions are all conserved in reactions of hadrons due to the strong interaction and electromagnetic interaction. In the quark model, the s quark has a strangeness of -1, so the Λ (lambda) particle and Σ (sigma) particle, which are baryons containing an s quark and are also known as hyperons, have one s quark and so have an S of -1, the Ξ (xi) particle contains two s quarks and so has an S of -2, and the Ω (omega) particle consists of three s quarks and so has an S of -3. Research on atomic nuclei containing hyperons, so-called hypernuclei, is being conducted at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), a large-intensity proton accelerator facility built in Tokai-mura, Ibaraki Prefecture in 2008. [Shuzo Ogawa and Tsuneo Uematsu] [References] | | | | |Elementary | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
素粒子を特徴づける量子数の一つで、奇妙さともいう。 強い相互作用をもつ素粒子の仲間をハドロンと総称するが、これらの粒子、たとえば陽子と中性子(核子と総称)、あるいはπ(パイ)中間子(+e、0、-eの電荷をもつ)などはすべて電荷の値が異なるだけで、質量その他の性質が非常に似た仲間をつくっている。この事実を理解するために、抽象的空間(アイソスピン空間)を考えて、ハドロンの粒子はそこでの角運動量(アイソスピン)Iをもつものとする。量子力学ではこのIの値は、整数か半整数であり、またその成分、たとえば第3軸成分I3は、2I+1個のとびとびの値をもつ。核子のIは1/2、I3は陽子に対して+1/2、中性子に対して-1/2とする。π中間子に対してはI=1,I3=1,0,-1と置く。次に重粒子(バリオン)数Bを核子に対して1、π中間子に対して0とすると、粒子の電荷Qは、eを単位にしてQ=I3+(B/2)と表せる。つまりハドロンの粒子はアイソスピン空間で、それぞれ一定の大きさの角運動量Iをもち、その角運動量の向きが第3軸となす傾きによっていろいろな電荷の値をとる、とみなすのである。 高エネルギー実験の進展とともに新しい一連の素粒子が発見されるにつれ、ハドロンには前記のアイソスピンやバリオン数のほかに、新しく整数値をとる量子数S(ストレンジネス)を付与しなければならないことが判明した。核子やπ中間子ではS=0であり、S≠0の粒子をストレンジ粒子とよぶ。こうしてハドロン全体に対して、粒子の電荷はQ=I3+(B+S)/2と表すことができ、この関係を中野‐西島‐ゲルマン則という。またB+S≡Yと書いて、ハイパーチャージといい、これら定義式に現れた量子数は、強い相互作用や電磁相互作用によるハドロンの反応ですべて保存される。 クォーク模型では、sクォークが-1のストレンジネスをもつので、sクォークを含むバリオンいわゆるハイペロンの仲間のΛ(ラムダ)粒子、Σ(シグマ)粒子はsクォーク1個をもつのでSが-1、Ξ(クシー)粒子は、sクォーク2個を含みSが-2、Ω(オメガ)粒子は3個のsクォークからなるのでSは-3となる。2008年に茨城県の東海村に建設された大強度陽子加速器施設(J-PARC:Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex)では、ハイペロンを含む原子核、いわゆるハイパー核の研究が進められている。 [小川修三・植松恒夫] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Strange, Frederick William
The largest cloven-hoofed mammal of the deer famil...
Plants and animals that were not originally from a...
A pass on the border between Yuzawa Town in the so...
A collection of kyoka from the late Edo period. Wr...
An in-house group formed by independent Diet membe...
...(1) General hospitals, (2) Rehabilitation cent...
[Born] Around 1376 Died October 11, 1424. Przybysl...
...Masamba Debba abandoned the pro-Western and pr...
…Until modern times, no special clothing for rain...
A leader in the flour milling industry. Founded in...
A decisive battle between the Former Qin and Easte...
…Aristocrats descended from the Northern branch o...
…However, there is no exact Indian equivalent of ...
...the language of the Tibetan people living in t...
...This concept was created in F. Engels' (an...