Care worker - Care worker

Japanese: 介護福祉士 - かいごふくしし
Care worker - Care worker

A national qualification for those working in the social welfare field. It was established in the "Social Worker and Care Worker Law" (Law No. 30 of 1987, enforced in April 1988) enacted in May 1987. The Ministry of Health and Welfare (currently the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) explained the aim of the law as "essential to introduce a qualification system to fairly secure the qualifications of those working in silver services, which are activities of private companies, as a guarantee of a certain level of ethics and service standards."

A care worker is a person who is registered in the care worker registry, who uses his/her professional knowledge and skills to provide care to people who have physical or mental disabilities that hinder their daily life, according to their physical and mental condition, and who provides guidance on care to those who need care and their caregivers (Article 2, Clause 2). Specifically, this includes care workers in welfare facilities, home helpers, and staff at comprehensive community support centers. The qualifications required to be registered are specified in detail in the "Social Workers and Care Workers Act."

[Masaaki Ogawa and Rie Yajima]

In 2016, the law was amended to make it mandatory to pass the national exam to become a certified care worker, but the mandatory period for the training facility route below will be from 2022, and transitional measures will be taken in the meantime. There are the following routes to become eligible to take the national care worker exam. (1) Training facility route Those who have graduated from high school or secondary education school or higher must graduate from a designated training facility (a school designated by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare, or a training facility designated by the prefectural governor) (Transitional measure: A certified care worker is provisionally granted for five years after graduation, and if they pass the national exam or engage in practical work for five consecutive years during that time, they can retain the qualification. Note that even if this does not apply to them, their eligibility to take the national exam will not expire). (2) Work experience route Work in care work or other work for three years or more and receive practical training. (3) Welfare-related high school route Graduate from a high school or secondary education school (including the specialized course of each) by completing the required welfare-related subjects and credits, and gain more than nine months of practical experience. In addition, those who have come to Japan under an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and have worked in nursing care or other related fields for three years or more are also eligible to take the exam.

As of 2014, there were 378 training facilities with 408 courses, with a capacity of 18,485 people. Meanwhile, of the 152,573 people who took the national exam, 88,300 passed (57.9% pass rate) (28th exam held in 2015). As of the end of September 2016, the number of registered care workers was 1,494,460. In the 13 years since the implementation of the long-term care insurance system in 2013, the number of care workers has tripled from 550,000 to 1.71 million, and it is estimated that approximately 2.53 million care workers will be needed by 2025, but based on recent trends, the supply forecast for 2025 is approximately 2.15 million, leaving a shortage of approximately 380,000. As of 2013, out of 1,189,979 registered care workers, only 660,546 were actually working as care workers, meaning that 44.5% of these were so-called "potential care workers" who had the qualifications but were not actually working in care work. In addition, the Japan Association of Certified Care Workers Training Institutions submitted a petition to the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare in December 2016, citing an unstoppable decline in the number of students entering training schools, calling for improvements to the working conditions of care workers. There is a need to secure a stable supply of care workers and improve their quality, but to achieve this, it is necessary to improve the working environment for care workers and create a system for career advancement after obtaining qualifications.

[Editorial Department, September 19, 2017]

"Okamoto Tamio, Hisakaki Masako, and Okuda Isayo (eds.), Introduction to Nursing Care: Minimum Essentials for Theory and Practice, revised edition (1998, Kawashima Shoten)""Vit International Planning Office (eds.), Work Related to Welfare: Manga (1999, Holp Publishing)""Okada Akira, Miyamoto Fumio, and Nakayama Satoshi (eds.), Welfare Psychology: For People in Need of Assistance (2002, Brain Publishing)""Annual editions of Trends in National Welfare, compiled and published by the Health and Welfare Statistics Association"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

社会福祉分野で働く者に関する国家資格。1987年(昭和62)5月成立の「社会福祉士及び介護福祉士法」(昭和62年法律第30号、1988年4月施行)で定められた。厚生省(現、厚生労働省)は、「民間企業活動であるシルバーサービス」に要請される「一定の倫理とサービス水準の確保」を「担保するものとして、これに従事する者の資格を公正な形で確保するための資格制度の導入が不可欠」として、同法のねらいを説明した。

 介護福祉士とは、介護福祉士登録簿に登録された者で、介護福祉士の名称で、専門的知識・技術により、身体上や精神上の障害で日常生活に支障がある人について心身の状況に応じた介護を行い、また要介護者やその介護者に対して介護に関する指導を行うことを業とする者をいう(第2条2項)。具体的には、福祉施設における介護職、在宅におけるホームヘルパー、地域包括支援センターの職員がこれに相当する。登録されるための資格は「社会福祉士及び介護福祉士法」で細かく定められている。

[小川政亮・矢嶋里絵]

 2016年(平成28)に法の一部改正があり、介護福祉士になるには国家試験合格が必須となったが、下記の養成施設ルートに関しては義務づけの時期を2022年度からとし、その間は経過措置がとられることになった。介護福祉士国家試験の受験資格を得るには次のような道がある。(1)養成施設ルート 高等学校または中等教育学校卒業以上の者が、指定養成施設(文部科学大臣および厚生労働大臣の指定する学校または都道府県知事の指定する養成施設)を卒業すること(経過措置:卒業から5年間暫定的に介護福祉士資格が付与され、その間に国家試験に合格、あるいは5年間連続して実務に従事すると資格を保持できる。なお、これに該当しない場合でも国家試験受験資格は消滅しない)。(2)実務経験ルート 3年以上介護等の業務に従事し、実務者研修を受けること。(3)福祉系高校ルート 高等学校または中等教育学校(それぞれ専攻科を含む)で福祉に関する所定の教科目および単位数を修めて卒業し、9か月以上実務を経験すること。また、これとは別にEPA(経済連携協定)により来日した者が、3年以上介護等の業務に従事した場合にも、受験資格が得られる。

 養成施設は2014年時点で378校408課程あり、定員は1万8485人である。一方、国家試験は受験生15万2573人のうち、合格者は8万8300人(合格率57.9%)である(2015年度実施第28回試験)。2016年9月末時点で、介護福祉士登録者数は、149万4460人である。介護保険制度が施行されてから2013年までの13年間で介護職員数は55万人から171万人と約3倍に増加し、さらに2025年度には約253万人の介護職員が必要と推計されているが、近年の動向に基づく2025年度の供給予測は約215万人であり、約38万人の不足が見込まれている。2013年時点で介護福祉士登録者118万9979人のうち、介護福祉士の従事者数は66万0546人にとどまり、資格をもちながらも介護業務に従事していない、いわゆる「潜在的介護福祉士」が約44.5%存在している。また、日本介護福祉士養成施設協会は2016年12月に養成校への入学者数の減少に歯止めがかからないとして、厚生労働大臣に対して介護福祉士の処遇改善などを訴える要望書を提出した。介護人材の安定的確保と質的向上が求められるが、そのためには介護福祉士の労働環境の整備、資格取得後のキャリアアップの仕組みづくりが必要である。

[編集部 2017年9月19日]

『岡本民夫・久垣マサ子・奥田いさよ編『介護概論――理論と実践のためのミニマム・エッセンシャルズ』改訂版(1998・川島書店)』『ヴィットインターナショナル企画室編『福祉にかかわる仕事――マンガ』(1999・ほるぷ出版)』『岡田明・宮本文雄・中山哲志編『福祉心理学――援助を必要とする人のために』(2002・ブレーン出版)』『厚生統計協会編・刊『国民の福祉の動向』各年版』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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