When a train passes in front of an observer standing beside the tracks with its horn blowing, the horn suddenly sounds lower in volume. When a sound source emitting sound waves of frequency ν 0 and an observer listening to this sound, or when both, are moving, the frequency ν of the sound heard by the observer will generally not be the same as the frequency ν 0 of the sound source. This is called the Doppler effect (of sound waves). The direction from the sound source to the observer is taken as the n- direction. The n- direction component of the observer's velocity u is u n , the n -direction component of the sound source's velocity v is v n , and the speed of the sound wave in the stationary coordinate system is c . The ratio of the two frequencies is When a sound source or observer is moving, the distance that the sound wave emitted from the sound source travels to reach the observer at each time interval (period) T 0 decreases or increases by a certain amount at each period, so the period T of the sound wave heard by the observer is not the same as T 0. Therefore, the frequencies ν and ν 0, which are the reciprocals of the periods, also have different values. In addition, the relationship between the position coordinates measured in the coordinate system moving with the sound source, the coordinate system moving with the observer, and the stationary coordinate system is given by the Galilean transformation. If the equation for the phase of the sound wave emitted from the sound source and traveling in the n direction is written for the three coordinate systems, the equation for the frequency ratio ν/ν 0 is obtained. A car traveling at speed v on a straight road sends out a carrier pigeon at time intervals T 0 , and the pigeons follow the car ahead of them at speed u on the road. The pigeons' speed is c. The pigeons arrive at the car ahead of them at time intervals T. Between T and T 0 , the following equation exists: vT 0 = c ( T 0 - T ) + uT [Yoshiro Kainuma] Doppler effect of light waves This is discussed using the Lorentz transformation of the special theory of relativity. The difference with sound waves is that the speed of light in a vacuum, c 0 , has the same value for any coordinate system (inertial system). When the coordinate system of the light source translates at a speed V relative to the coordinate system of the observer, the light wave emitted by the light source with frequency ν 0 travels in the n direction and is observed by the observer as a light wave with frequency ν. The ratio of the two frequencies is When V is perpendicular to n, [Yoshiro Kainuma] applicationSince the Austrian J.C. Doppler came up with the idea of the Doppler effect in 1842, many studies have been conducted on this effect in the fields of sound and light waves, and this effect has been applied in various fields. Gas atoms emit light as they move. Since the speed of gas atoms varies according to the Maxwell distribution, the Doppler effect distributes the frequency of the atomic spectrum over a width proportional to the temperature of the gas. This is called the Doppler width of the spectral line. Several dark lines (absorption lines) are observed in the continuous spectrum of light emitted by nebulae outside the galaxy. The frequency of these dark lines is shifted toward the red side compared to the frequency of the corresponding lines in the atomic spectrum observed in the laboratory. Hubble believed that this red shift was caused by the Doppler effect, and concluded that the more distant the nebulae are, the faster they are moving away from us, and arrived at the interpretation that the universe is expanding. In experiments on the Mössbauer effect, the Doppler effect of gamma rays, which occurs when a recoilless gamma ray source is moved at a constant speed, is used. Doppler radar is used to measure the speed of cars traveling on the road, and the Doppler effect, which occurs when centimeter-wave radio waves are reflected by a car, is used. [Yoshiro Kainuma] [Reference] |The figure is a graph showing the positions over time of the leading car in the text, the car chasing it, and the carrier pigeons that are released one after the other. There is a difference (-) in the distance traveled between one pigeon and the next. This difference is equal to the difference between the distance traveled by the chasing car during the time it takes to release the pigeons, and the distance traveled by the leading car during the time it takes to receive the pigeons. This result is the same as the formula for the Doppler effect mentioned above . Doppler effect of sound waves Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
警笛を鳴らしながら列車が線路のわきに立つ観測者の前を走り過ぎると、そのとたんに警笛の音が低くなったように聞こえる。振動数ν0の音波を放つ音源と、この音を聴く観測者の、一方または両方が運動しているときには、観測者の聴く音の振動数νは、一般には音源の振動数ν0と同じ値をもたない。これを(音波の)ドップラー効果という。音源から観測者に向かう方向をn方向とする。観測者の速度uのn方向成分をun、音源の速度vのn方向成分をvnとし、静止座標系における音波の速度をcとする。二つの振動数の比は 音源や観測者が運動しているときには、時間間隔(周期)T0ごとに音源から放たれた音波が観測者に届くまでに通過する距離が各周期ごとに一定量ずつ減るか増えるかするために、観測者の聴く音波の周期TはT0と同じではない。したがって、周期の逆数である振動数νとν0も異なる値をもつことになる。また、音源とともに運動する座標系、観測者とともに運動する座標系、および静止座標系で測った位置座標の間の関係は、ガリレイ変換によって与えられる。音源から放たれてn方向に伝わる音波の位相の式を三つの座標系について書くと、振動数の比ν/ν0の式が得られる。 まっすぐな道路を速度vで進む車から時間間隔T0を置いて次々に伝書鳩(でんしょばと)を放ち、この道路を速度uで先行する車を追わせる。伝書鳩の速度をcとする。先行する車には、時間間隔Tごとに伝書鳩が着く。TとT0の間には [飼沼芳郎] 光波のドップラー効果特殊相対性理論の、ローレンツ変換を用いて論じられる。音波の場合との相違点は、どの座標系(慣性系)についても真空中の光速度c0が同一の値をもつことである。光源の座標系が、観測者の座標系に対して速度Vで並進運動をする場合には、光源の放つ振動数ν0の光波がn方向に進み、振動数νの光波として観測者に観測される。二つの振動数の比は Vがnに垂直のときには [飼沼芳郎] 応用オーストリアのJ・C・ドップラーが1842年にドップラー効果の着想を得たのち、音波や光波の分野でこの効果について数多くの研究が行われ、この効果はさまざまの方面に応用されてきた。気体の原子は走りながら光を放つ。気体原子の速度はマクスウェル分布に従っていろいろの値をとるので、ドップラー効果により、原子スペクトルの振動数は気体の温度に比例する幅にわたって分布する。これをスペクトル線のドップラー幅という。銀河系外の星雲の放つ光の連続スペクトルには数本の暗線(吸収線)が観察される。この暗線の振動数は、実験室内で観察される原子スペクトルの対応する線の振動数に比べると赤のほうに偏移している。ハッブルはこの赤方偏移がドップラー効果によって生ずると考えて、銀河系外の星雲は、遠方の星雲ほど大きな速度で遠ざかっているとし、宇宙は膨張しているという解釈に到達した。メスバウアー効果の実験では、無反跳γ(ガンマ)線の線源を一定速度で動かしたときにおこるγ線のドップラー効果が用いられる。路上を走行する自動車の速度の計測には、ドップラーレーダーが用いられ、センチメートル波の電波が車で反射したときのドップラー効果が利用されている。 [飼沼芳郎] [参照項目] |図は、本文の先行車、これを追う車、および次々に放たれて飛んで行く伝書鳩について、時刻における位置を示すグラフである。ある鳩と次の鳩では、飛ぶ距離に差(-)を生ずる。この差は、次々に鳩を放つ時間の間に追う車が走る距離と、次々に鳩を受け取る時間の間に先行車が走る距離の差に等しい。この結果は、前出のドップラー効果の式と同じである©Shogakukan"> 音波のドップラー効果 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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