To tell the fortunes of the coming year. In agricultural circles, Toshi means the harvest of grains, and "Toshi ga ii" means good rice, so it was used to tell the harvest. The main purpose of the annual divination event was to predict the harvest of grains and the weather, which has a significant bearing on this. It is often held at the beginning of the year, especially on the 15th of January, during the Little New Year, but other opportunities for divination include Obon, moon viewing on the 15th of August, village festivals, and Hatsuuma. Methods vary widely from region to region, but here are some relatively well-known and widely practiced. In the Tohoku region, methods called Toshimi, Yonakami, Sakudameshi, etc., involve laying rice on a flat surface, arranging mochi (rice cakes) on top, and leaving them overnight. The type of rice to be sown that year is determined by the state of the rice on the mochi the next day. There is also a method of divination by roasting specific items in a hearth and measuring how well they roast. This is also the case with the fires of Sagicho. In the Shimohei region of Iwate Prefecture, Takurabe is a method of divining the weather for each month by the way 12 mochi are roasted, while Tsukiyaki and Tsukidameshi are methods of divination using beans from the night of Setsubun instead of the mochi mentioned above. A ritual still performed in various regions at specific shrines is Kayura, a ritual of Tsutsugayu and Kuda porridge, also known as Kayudameshi. In the porridge for Little New Year, hollow plant stalks such as reeds are placed, and the name of each plant is decided in advance. When they are taken out of the porridge and split open, the one that is filled with the most porridge is said to be a good harvest. In addition to this, fortunes for the year were often told by competing in tug-of-war, sumo, boat races, kite flying, and other games that are nowadays competitive games. [Hisako Maruyama] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1年間の吉凶を占うこと。農耕生活を営む場合には、トシといえば穀物の実りを意味し、「トシがいい」といえば稲のできがよいというように作柄を占うものとして使われていた。年占という行事も、穀物の豊凶と、それに重大な関係をもつ天候を占うことがおもな目的であった。時期は年の初め、とくに正月15日の小(こ)正月に行われることが多く、そのほかにも盆、8月15日の月見、村の祭り、初午(はつうま)なども年占の機会である。 方法は地方によって多種多様ともいえるが、比較的よく知られ、また広い地域で行われているものをあげる。東北地方で、トシミ、ヨナカミ、サクダメシなどとよばれる方法は、米を敷きならした上に餅(もち)を並べて一晩置き、翌日餅に米がついたぐあいで、その年播(ま)き付けるイネの種類を決める。また特定のものを炉の火で焼いて焼けぐあいで占う方法がある。左義長(さぎちょう)の火なども同様である。岩手県下閉伊(しもへい)地方でタクラベというのは、12個の餅の焼け方で月々の天気を占い、月ヤキ、月ダメシは節分の夜の豆を前述の餅のかわりに用いて占った。特定の神社の神事として現在も各地に行われているのが、筒粥(つつがゆ)・管(くだ)粥の神事と称する粥占(かゆうら)で、粥ダメシの名もある。小正月の粥の中にヨシなどの中が空になっている植物の茎を入れるが、あらかじめ1本ずつ作物の名を決めておき、粥から取り出して割ったときに粥が多く詰まっている作物が豊作であるとした。このほかにも、現在では競技や遊戯となっている綱引き、相撲(すもう)、舟競争、凧揚(たこあ)げなどの勝負によって、その年の吉凶を占うことが多かった。 [丸山久子] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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