Degenerate - Shuktai

Japanese: 縮退 - シュクタイ
Degenerate - Shuktai

[ I ] Frequency in a multi-periodic system

νk = / Tk
( T k is the period, if the degree of freedom is f , then k = 1, 2, ..., f ) there are n linear relationships between them, where c 1 s , c 2 s , ..., c f s are integers.

c 1 s ν 1 + c 2 s ν 2 +…+ c f s ν f = 0, ( s = 1, 2,…, n )

When exists, this multiple periodic motion is said to be n -fold degenerate (or degenerate). In a quantum mechanical system, when there exist n linearly independent eigenfunctions for an eigenvalue a of an operator A representing a physical quantity, a is said to be n- fold degenerate. In this case, the eigenvalue of the operator A alone is not enough to specify the state of the system; it is necessary to give an eigenvalue for another physical quantity that is reversible with A. Degeneracy occurs because a certain symmetry exists in the system, and therefore degeneracy can be removed by adding a perturbation that breaks that symmetry. As the simplest example, if we take the molecular vibration of CO2 , the bending vibration of OCO has two vibrations in planes that are perpendicular to each other and contain the molecular axis, and both of these have exactly the same frequency, and are called doubly degenerate bending vibrations. [ II ] In quantum statistics, a Bose gas that follows Bose statistics is

μ/ kT = 0
And the Fermi gas that follows Fermi statistics is

μ/ kT ≫ 1
Both gases exhibit phenomena that are significantly different from ordinary gases that follow classical statistics, and are said to be degenerate (or degenerate) (see alternative terminology: degenerate gases). Here, μ is the chemical potential, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is absolute temperature. The specific heat capacity of a degenerate gas decreases with decreasing temperature, and is 0 at absolute zero. This seems to correspond to a decrease in the degrees of freedom in a dynamical system, and thus the term degenerate was used. Helium at extremely low temperatures, electrons in metals, and white dwarfs are all degenerate.

Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition

Japanese:

】多重周期系では振動数

νk = 2π/Tk
(Tk は周期,自由度がfであればk = 1,2,…,f )の間に c1sc2s,…,cfs を整数としてn個の線形関係,

c1sν1c2sν2+…+ cfsνf = 0,(s = 1,2,…,n)

が存在するとき,この多重周期運動はn重だけ縮退(または縮重)しているという.量子力学系では,物理量を表す演算子Aのある固有値aに対して,線形独立なn個の固有関数が存在するとき,an重に縮退しているという.このとき,系の状態を指定するには演算子Aの固有値だけでは足らず,Aと可逆なほかの物理量に対する固有値を与える必要がある.縮退が起こるのは系にある種の対称性が存在するためで,したがって,その対称性を破るような摂動を加えれば縮退はとれる.もっとも簡単な例として,CO2の分子振動をとると,O-C-Oの変角振動には分子軸を含む互いに直角な平面内における二つの振動があるが,この両者は振動数はまったく同じで,二重縮退変角振動という.【】量子統計において,ボース統計に従うボース気体は

μ/kT = 0
で,またフェルミ統計に従うフェルミ気体は

μ/kT ≫ 1
で,両気体は古典統計に従う一般の気体とはいちじるしく異なる現象を示し,縮退(または退化)しているという([別用語参照]縮退気体).ここで,μは化学ポテンシャル,kはボルツマン定数,Tは絶対温度である.縮退気体の比熱容量は温度の減少とともに減少し,絶対零度で0となる.これは力学系での自由度の減少に対応するかのようにみられるので,縮退という言葉が用いられた.極低温におけるヘリウム,金属内の電子,白色わい星などは縮退している.

出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報

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