Technology transfer

Japanese: 技術移転 - ぎじゅついてん(英語表記)technology transfer
Technology transfer

Generally, this refers to the transfer of advanced technology from an individual or organization to another individual or organization. Technology can be transferred from a university or other research institute, company, or government to another research institute, company, or government. Technology transfer can take place within a country or across borders. The technologies transferred are diverse, including hard production technology and soft management technology (production and distribution systems, marketing systems). Technology transfer can take the following forms: (1) the provision of scientific literature and exchanges between researchers and engineers, (2) education and training of engineers, (3) the transfer and licensing of patents by companies, and the provision of know-how through management and consulting contracts, (4) the dissemination of in-house technology through direct investment, and (5) technical cooperation between governments.

Technology transfer is an effective means of improving productivity, and is therefore an important strategy for the economic development of developing countries. However, currently, most international technology transfers are between developed countries, and technology transfers from developed countries to developing countries have not been very successful. This is because technology transfer presupposes general knowledge of technology, as well as a certain level of education and way of thinking, and when there is a large gap in the level of knowledge and education between countries, technology transfers cannot be effective enough. In reality, technology transfers to developing countries are often carried out through direct investment by multinational corporations from developed countries, but in such cases, a major issue is whether the technology being transferred is appropriate for the developing country's stage of economic development. Developing countries have an abundant labor force relative to capital, but if the technology being transferred is capital-intensive, the effects of job creation and technology acquisition are limited.

However, if direct investment from developed countries is managed as a business that is suited to the state of production factors and technological level of the developing country, it can be expected that managers, engineers and workers will accumulate experience and expertise through appropriate technology transfer, and contribute to improving the technological level. In fact, among the countries that have achieved economic development, particularly since the 1980s, there are Vietnam and Thailand, which have actively accepted direct investment from developed countries and achieved an improvement in their technological level through appropriate technology transfer, thereby successfully accelerating their economic development. Developing country governments are required to formulate and implement investment acceptance policies that will promote appropriate technology transfer through direct investment, based on an accurate understanding of the current technological level of their own country.

[Junji Nakagawa February 18, 2022]

"Development Economics: Approaches to Poverty Reduction" by Taku Kurosaki and Tatsufumi Yamagata (revised and expanded edition, 2017, Nippon Hyoronsha)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に高度な技術を保有している個人や組織から、その技術を別の個人や組織に移転すること。大学その他の研究機関や企業、政府などから他の研究機関や企業、政府などへ技術が移転する場合がありうる。技術移転は一国の国内で行われることもあれば、国境を越えて行われることもある。移転される技術は、ハードの生産技術とソフトの経営技術(生産流通の体系、マーケティング・システム)など、さまざまである。技術移転の形態としては、(1)科学文献の提供や研究者・技術者の交流、(2)技術者の教育・訓練、(3)企業による特許の譲渡・ライセンシング、経営契約やコンサルティング契約を通じたノウハウの供与、(4)直接投資を通じた自社技術の伝播(でんぱ)、(5)政府間の技術協力などがあげられる。

 技術移転は、生産性向上の有効な手段であるから、開発途上国の経済発展にとっても重要な戦略である。しかしながら、現在のところ、国際的な技術移転の大部分は先進国間のそれであって、先進国から開発途上国への技術移転はあまり成果をあげていない。その原因は、技術移転が一般的な技術に関する知識、さらには一定の教育水準や思考様式を前提としており、国際間で知識や教育の水準の隔たりが大きい場合、技術移転は十分な効果を発揮できないためである。また、開発途上国への技術移転は、現実には先進国多国籍企業の直接投資によって行われることが多いが、その場合、移転される技術が開発途上国の経済発展段階にふさわしいかどうかも大きな問題となる。開発途上国には資本に比して労働力が豊富に存在しているが、移転される技術が資本集約的なものであれば、雇用の創出効果や技術の習得効果は限られるからである。

 しかし、先進国からの直接投資は、それが開発途上国の生産要素の存在状態や技術水準に適合した事業として運営されれば、適切な技術移転を通じて、経営者、技術者、労働者が経験と熟練を集積し、技術水準の向上に貢献することが期待できる。現に、とくに1980年代以降に経済発展を遂げた諸国のなかには、先進国からの直接投資を積極的に受け入れ、適正な技術移転を通じた技術水準の向上を達成した結果、経済発展を加速させることに成功した国として、ベトナムやタイなどがあげられる。自国の技術水準に対する正確な現状認識を踏まえて、直接投資を通じた適正な技術移転の推進を実現する投資受入れ政策を立案し実行することが、開発途上国の政府に求められる。

[中川淳司 2022年2月18日]

『黒崎卓・山形辰史著『開発経済学 貧困削減へのアプローチ』増補改訂版(2017・日本評論社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Technology development

>>:  Technology

Recommend

Sievers, E.

...In other words, it is divided into three field...

Impotence - impotence

It means impotence. Source: About Shogakukan Digit...

Stavira-vāda (English spelling) Sthaviravada

This was called the "Fundamental Schism"...

Heart of the gills - Heart of the gills

…The gill circulation, which requires particularl...

Beauty exercises - Beauty exercises

It is a systematic physical exercise aimed at mak...

Chikuba Kyoginshu - A collection of stilt-walking rhapsodies

This is an anthology of haikai renga (linked vers...

Lake Hachirogata [town] - Hachirogata

A town in Minamiakita County, western Akita Prefec...

General property tax - Ippanzaisanzei

…The property tax, special war compensation tax, ...

Parnell Charles Stewart Parnell

A leader of the Irish Home Rule movement. Born in...

Poodle [Breed] - Poodle

A breed of dog. Depending on size, they are divide...

C-MOS (English abbreviation) CMOS

...Therefore, pattern conversion differences can ...

Crelle (English spelling) August Leopold Crelle

German politician. With an engineering background...

Gurage

...Ethiopia is home to 70-80 languages ​​belongin...

Dormition Cathedral (Vladimir) - Usupenskii-seido

…Reigned from 1157 to 1174. He succeeded his fath...

Vietnam

…The only language that is clearly related to Vie...