Genetic counseling is conducted with the aim of providing necessary information and indirect support to clients (a general term for patients and their families who come for consultation) who are worried about the manifestation of hereditary diseases. At the counselling centre, specialists provide diagnosis, search for causes of illness, analyze family histories, estimate risk and devise ways to deal with risks in order to help clients and their families. The basic stance of genetic counseling is to "provide as normal and responsible support as possible to people who are genetically disadvantaged in their daily lives and reproduction." Items addressed in genetic counselling The main issues brought to counsellors during genetic counselling sessions can be summarised as follows: (1) For people with congenital abnormalities, 1) whether the abnormality is hereditary and how to diagnose it, 2) whether treatment is available and the prognosis, and 3) if hereditary, the recurrence rate in sibs (the rate at which the abnormality occurs in close relatives), the possibility of the same abnormality appearing in the next generation, and how to prevent it. (2) For people who may be carriers, (1) determining whether they are carriers or not, and (2) if they are carriers, the possibility of the disease occurring in their close relatives and preventive measures. (3) Issues regarding incest. (4) Health management during pregnancy, the risks and measures to be taken in the event of an event that may have a negative effect on the embryo or fetus (infection, exposure to radiation, taking medication, etc.). (5) Paternity testing ◎Diagnosis at genetic counseling sessions Carrier diagnosis A carrier is an individual (person) who has no abnormalities in phenotype (manifestation on the body, appearance) and is almost the same as a healthy person, but who carries a pathogenic gene (heterozygous recessive gene) or a reciprocal translocation chromosome. The significance of detecting carriers is that it allows for the early detection and prevention of genetic diseases. Carrier diagnosis involves molecular biological tests such as biochemical tests, chromosomal tests, pathological tests, and DNA tests. ●Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis is the diagnosis of genetic diseases and various congenital malformations before birth. Diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic diseases is performed relatively early in pregnancy, while many morphological abnormalities are performed during the middle to late stages of pregnancy, mainly through image analysis, but this does not include all congenital malformations. It goes without saying that ethical considerations must be fully considered when carrying out prenatal diagnosis. Things to take into consideration during genetic counselingThe following things must be taken into consideration during genetic counseling: (1) Respect for patients and their families. (2) Preserving family ties. (3) Providing all information related to the health of the person seeking advice (even unfavorable information). (4) Protecting the privacy of those seeking counseling (5) Dealing with and being considerate of high-risk family members (6) Avoiding prescriptive advice from counselors Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information |
遺伝相談は、遺伝性疾患の発現について心配をもつクライアント(相談に訪れた患者さんや家族の総称)に必要な情報を与え、側面から援助することを目的に行なわれています。 相談所では、クライアントやその家族を助けるための専門家たちによる診断、病因の検索、家系分析、危険率の推定、リスクへの対処法の工夫などが行なわれています。 遺伝相談の基本姿勢は、「生活や生殖において遺伝的に不利な立場にある人たちを、できるだけふつうに、かつ責任をもって支援する」ことです。 ◎遺伝相談で取り扱うことがら 遺伝相談の場でカウンセラーにもちこまれるおもな問題をまとめると、つぎのようになります。 (1)先天異常のある人について、①遺伝性の有無とその診断、②治療の有無と予後、③遺伝性がある場合、その同胞再現率(近親者に発現する割合)と、次世代に同一の異常が現われる可能性とその予防法について。 (2)保因者(ほいんしゃ)である可能性のある人について、①保因者か否かの判定、②保因者である場合は、その近親者に発現する可能性とその予防策。 (3)近親婚の問題 (4)妊娠中の健康管理、胎芽(たいが)・胎児(たいじ)に悪影響をおよぼすおそれのあるできごと(感染、放射線被曝(ひばく)、薬品服用など)があった場合の危険性とその対策。 (5)親子鑑定 ◎遺伝相談の場で行なわれる診断 ●保因者診断 保因者とは、表現型(からだへの現われ方、見た目)には異常がなく、健常者とほとんど変わらないが、病的遺伝子(劣性遺伝ヘテロ)や相互転座染色体をもつ個体(人)のことです。 保因者発見の意義は、遺伝性疾患の早期発見・早期予防にあります。保因者診断には、生化学的検査、染色体検査、病理学検査、DNA診断などの分子生物学的検査が行なわれます。 ●出生前診断 遺伝性疾患や各種先天奇形などの診断を、出生前に行なうのが出生前診断です。染色体異常や遺伝子病の診断は妊娠の比較的早期に、形態異常の多くは妊娠中期から後期にかけて画像分析を中心に行なわれますが、すべての先天奇形を包括しているわけではありません。出生前診断の実施にあたっては、倫理的側面にも十分配慮すべきことはいうまでもありません。 ◎遺伝相談で配慮されるべきことがら 遺伝相談の場で配慮されなければならないことがらは、つぎのとおりです。 (1)患者さんとその家族への敬意 (2)家族の「絆(きずな)」の保持 (3)相談者の健康にかかわるすべての情報の提供(たとえ不利な情報でも) (4)相談者のプライバシーの保護 (5)親族内にいるハイリスクの人への対応と配慮 (6)カウンセラーの指示的助言の回避 出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報 |
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