Hibernation - Toumin

Japanese: 冬眠 - とうみん
Hibernation - Toumin

When animals spend the winter almost completely quiescent. This is the opposite of aestivation. It is seen in many terrestrial cold-blooded animals and some warm-blooded animals. Amphibians such as frogs and newts, and reptiles such as snakes, lizards, and turtles move to places where the temperature does not drop much, such as underground, under stones or fallen trees, or in the mud at the bottom of the water. As the environmental temperature drops, their body temperature drops and they enter hibernation (however, they will not enter hibernation even if exposed to low temperatures in summer). Hibernating reptiles stop eating before hibernation. They wake up by being passively warmed (frog-type hibernation). Mammals such as bats, dormice, and hedgehogs hibernate in caves, tree holes, or underground, and their body temperature drops to near 0°C, but does not fall below a certain limit. When the environmental temperature drops to -2°C for bats and -7°C for dormice, their body temperature rises and they wake up from hibernation. This is how heat regulation works, and it is like turning the thermostat's temperature control dial down. This type (bat-type hibernation) is sometimes considered to be true hibernation. Bears hibernate in holes they dig on slopes, but their body temperature drops only slightly, their sleep is shallow, and they are awakened by the slightest stimulation (bear-type hibernation). Among birds, the North American little nightjar is an exception to this rule. Among arthropods, there are those that hibernate like frogs, and those that hibernate in a special state called torpor. During hibernation, body temperature, oxygen consumption, and respiratory rate decrease, and metabolic activity is low, which saves energy consumption. It is thought to be a mechanism for surviving the unfavorable winter period of cold and food shortages.

[Keiichi Onoyama]

[Reference] | Dormancy

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

動物が活動をほとんど停止したまま冬を越すこと。夏眠に対する語。多くの陸生変温動物と一部の恒温動物でみられる。カエル、イモリなどの両生類やヘビ、トカゲ、カメなどの爬虫(はちゅう)類は、地中、石や倒木の下、水底の泥中などの温度があまり下がらない所へ移動し、環境温度の低下にしたがって体温が低下して冬眠に入る(ただし、夏に低温にさらしても冬眠状態にならない)。冬眠する爬虫類では、冬眠前に摂食をやめる。目覚めは受動的に暖められることでおこる(カエル型冬眠)。コウモリ類、ヤマネ、ハリネズミなどの哺乳(ほにゅう)類は、洞穴や樹洞や地中で冬眠し、体温は0℃近くまで下がるが、ある限度以下にはならない。コウモリでは環境温度が零下2℃、ヤマネでは零下7℃以下になると、体温は逆に上昇して冬眠から覚める。このように熱調節は行われていて、いわばサーモスタットの温度調節の目盛りを低くあわせたようになっている。この型(コウモリ型冬眠)を真の冬眠とする場合がある。クマは斜面に土穴を掘って冬ごもりをするが、体温低下はわずかで眠りも浅く、すこしの刺激で目覚める(クマ型冬眠)。鳥類では北アメリカのチビアメリカヨタカが例外的に冬眠する。節足動物ではカエル型の冬眠をするものと、休眠という特殊な状態で冬眠するものがある。冬眠中は体温、酸素消費、呼吸速度が低下して、代謝活動が低くなっており、エネルギー消費の節約になっている。寒さと食物不足という不利な冬の時期を生き延びるための仕組みと考えられる。

[小野山敬一]

[参照項目] | 休眠

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