A retail store that sells mainly food, daily necessities, clothing, and other household goods in large quantities, at low prices, and on the principle of cash sales. Its characteristics are: (1) customers pick up a buggy or basket at the entrance and enter the store; (2) there are no sales staff on the sales floor, except in special cases such as some meat and fish sections; (3) all products are displayed within reach of the customer; (4) prices are always displayed; (5) in addition to legally required labels, products are accompanied by brief descriptions when necessary; (6) customers place the products they want to buy in a buggy or basket and pay at the register at the exit; (7) the store provides the items they buy, or customers put them in bags they brought with them and take them home. In Japan, they are often simply called supermarkets. Mass sales were started by chain stores in the United States in the 1920s, but they did not develop a full-scale low-priced self-service system. During the recession of the 1930s, self-service mass discount stores using warehouses and vacant factories in suburban areas, such as King Cullen General Stores in the United States, spread throughout the United States, and this became the origin of supermarkets. After World War II, it spread rapidly to other countries, and in Japan, it spread explosively from 1960 (Showa 35) along with the wave of high economic growth that was occurring at the time. At one time, there were a lot of small supermarkets and many of them went bankrupt, but later, they were organized into chains, and they were reorganized and integrated around large general supermarkets called national chains with store networks on a nationwide scale, and they redeveloped. In 1972, the sales of Daiei, the leading supermarket, exceeded those of Mitsukoshi, the top department store that had dominated the retail industry until then. This rapid growth in the retail industry caused conflicts between existing retailers and department stores, with particular dissatisfaction from department stores, which were regulated by the Department Store Law. In 1973, the Department Store Law was abolished and replaced by the Large-Scale Retail Store Law (officially known as the Law Concerning the Adjustment of Retail Business Activities at Large-Scale Retail Stores, or abbreviated as the Large-Scale Retail Store Law), which restricted store openings, business hours, sales floor space, and other aspects of retail businesses that exceeded a certain size, regardless of their type. Furthermore, in 1998 (Heisei 10), as part of deregulation, the Large-Scale Retail Store Law was abolished and a new Large-Scale Retail Store Location Law (abbreviated as the Large-Scale Retail Store Location Law) was enacted, which stipulated matters that large-scale retail stores should take into consideration in terms of the living environment (parking, noise, etc.). From the consumer's point of view, supermarkets have the advantages of (1) being able to pick up and choose products without worrying about the salesperson, (2) low prices, (3) a wide variety of products, and (4) being able to buy only the amount you need, but they also have the disadvantages of (1) having to adapt one's desires to standardized products, (2) needing product knowledge, and (3) not making shopping fun. For this reason, consumers have come to consciously divide their purchasing behavior into buying daily necessities, standardized products, and daily necessities at supermarkets and buying other items at specialty stores or department stores. The diversification of consumer needs has prompted changes in supermarkets themselves, which has led to the creation of various variants. The national chains mentioned above are supermarkets that use the chain store system. This system is the mainstream in Japan, but in the 21st century, there has been a growing demand for public facilities to be installed within the store, and due to intensifying competition, there has been a trend toward larger and more extravagant stores, and low-priced sales have been fading. Contrasting this trend are convenience stores. These are small supermarkets that aim to provide customers with convenience that cannot be offered at large stores, and are called mini-supermarkets or convenience stores. Other variants include supermarkets that focus more on clothing than food, box stores that sell products in boxes in warehouses and other places at extremely low prices, and variety stores that handle non-food products with a high turnover rate within a certain price range. Supermarkets are also entering a mature period of diversification. [Mitsuo Morimoto] "Supermarket Guide by Kazuo Kawa (2010, Shogyokai)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
食料品を主体に、日用雑貨、衣料品などの家庭用品をそろえ、大量、廉価、現金販売を原則とする小売店をいう。その特色は、(1)客は入口でバギー(手押し車)またはバスケット(手提げ籠(かご))をとって店内に入る、(2)肉類、鮮魚類の売場の一部など特殊な場合を除き、売場には店員がいない、(3)商品はすべて客の手の届く範囲に陳列されている、(4)かならず価格の表示がある、(5)法定の表示のほか、必要な場合、商品に簡潔な説明がつけてある、(6)客は買いたい商品をバギーまたは手提げ籠に入れ、出口のレジスターで会計をする、(7)買った物を店側の提供する、もしくは持参した袋などに入れて客自身が持ち帰る、などである。日本では、単にスーパーとよぶことが多い。 大量販売は、1920年代にアメリカでチェーン・ストアによって始められたが、本格的な廉価販売をセルフサービス方式によって展開するには至らなかった。1930年代の不況期に、アメリカのキング・カレン商店をはじめ、都市郊外の倉庫や空き工場を利用するセルフサービス方式の大量安売り販売が全米に広がり、これがスーパーマーケットの源流になった。第二次世界大戦後、各国に急速に普及し、日本では1960年(昭和35)以降、おりからの高度経済成長の波とともに爆発的に浸透。一時は群小スーパーが乱立ぎみとなり、倒産するものもかなり出たが、その後、系列化が進み、全国的な規模で店舗網をもつナショナル・チェーンとよばれる大手総合スーパーを軸に整理・統合されて、再発展していった。1972年にはスーパーマーケットの筆頭であるダイエーの売上高が、それまで小売業界に君臨してきた百貨店の首位にある三越(みつこし)のそれを上回るまでになった。こうした小売業界における急成長は、既存小売店や百貨店との間に紛争を引き起こすことになり、とくに、百貨店法によって規制されていた百貨店の不満は強かった。1973年に百貨店法が廃止されて大規模小売店舗法(正式には「大規模小売店舗における小売業の事業活動の調整に関する法律」、略称大店法)が制定され、一定規模を超える小売業は、その形態のいかんを問わず、出店、営業時間、売場面積などが規制されることになった。さらに1998年(平成10)には規制緩和の一環として大店法が廃止され、新たに大規模小売店舗立地法(略称大店立地法)が制定され、大規模小売店は、生活環境の面から配慮すべき事項(駐車、騒音など)が定められることになった。 スーパーマーケットを消費者側からみると、(1)店員に気がねなく商品を手にとって選択できる、(2)価格が安い、(3)品ぞろえが豊富、(4)必要な量だけ買うことができる、などの利点がある反面、(1)規格化されたものに自己の欲求を適合させなければならない、(2)商品知識を必要とする、(3)ショッピングの楽しみが少ない、などの欠点がある。このため、日用品、規格品、生活必需品はスーパーマーケットで買い、その他のものは専門店、百貨店で買うという購買行動の区分を、消費者は意識的に行うようになった。 消費者側の欲求の多様化は、スーパーマーケット自体の側にも変革を促し、そのことがさまざまな変種を生み出すことになった。前述のナショナル・チェーンは、チェーン・ストア方式のスーパーマーケットである。日本の主軸はこの方式であるが、21世紀に入って、この方式による出店に対しては、店舗内に公共施設の併設を希望する声が強まり、また競争の激化もあって、大型化、華美化の傾向が進み、廉価販売に陰りが出ている。この方向に対照的なのがコンビニエンス・ストアである。それは、大規模店では提供できないような便利さ(コンビニエンス)を顧客に与えることをねらった小型のスーパーマーケットであり、ミニ・スーパーとかコンビニとよばれている。このほか、食料品に比べて衣料品の比重の高いスーパー・ストア、倉庫などで商品を箱に入れて並べ、徹底して安く売るボックス・ストア、一定の価格帯の回転率の高い非食料商品を扱うバラエティー・ストアなどの変種がある。スーパーマーケットも多様化の成熟期に入っている。 [森本三男] 『川一男著『スーパーマーケット指南』(2010・商業界)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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