Secretly eavesdropping on other people's conversations. With the development of technology, it has become easier to do things like recording with hidden microphones, wiretapping telephone calls, and listening and recording with high-performance electronic wiretaps, and it has become a serious human rights issue today. In cases where public authorities have done this, it is widely known that they are involved in the investigation of serious crimes, such as tracing and secretly listening to threatening phone calls in kidnapping for ransom cases. Wiretapping is prohibited in both public and private life because it violates basic human rights such as the right to privacy, secrecy of communication, and freedom of thought and expression. However, there is an exception to this rule, and the question is whether investigative agencies are allowed to wiretap in order to achieve the purpose of criminal investigation. Wiretapping for criminal investigation purposes has been permitted under strict conditions and procedures in the United States and Germany, but in Japan, it has been debated whether it is permissible in relation to the Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure, as it is a type of compulsory measure. As a result, as one measure against organized crime, the Wiretapping Act, "Law on Wiretapping for Criminal Investigation (Law No. 137 of 1999)," was enacted in August 1999, which allows wiretapping of electronic communications (i.e. wiretapping of telephone calls, etc.) under certain conditions and procedures, such as a court warrant (wiretapping warrant), only in cases where serious crimes such as murder, illegal drug and firearms trafficking are committed in an organized manner. However, wiretapping by public authorities other than this is not only illegal, but may also be a crime. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
他人の会話をひそかに盗み聞きすること。隠しマイクによる録音、電話等の傍受(ワイヤータッピング)、高性能の電子盗聴器による聴取・録音など、テクノロジーの発達に伴い容易となり、今日の重大な人権問題となっている。公権力による場合としては、身代金誘拐事件における脅迫電話の逆探知と秘聴といった重大犯罪の捜査に関するものが広く知られている。 盗聴はプライバシー権、通信の秘密、思想・表現の自由など基本的人権を侵害するものであるから、公私を問わず禁止される。ただ、その例外として、犯罪捜査の目的達成のため捜査機関が盗聴することが許されるかが問題となる。このような犯罪捜査目的の盗聴は、アメリカやドイツでは厳格な要件と手続のもとに認められてきたが、日本では強制処分の一種であるとして憲法や刑事訴訟法との関連で許されるか否かが争われてきた。そこで、組織犯罪対策の一つとして、通信傍受法「犯罪捜査のための通信傍受に関する法律(平成11年法律第137号)」が1999年(平成11)8月に成立し、殺人、薬物および銃器の不正取引にかかわる犯罪等重大犯罪が組織的に実行される場合に限って、裁判所の令状(傍受令状)など一定の要件と手続のもとで、電気通信の傍受(すなわち電話などの盗聴)が許容されることとなった。しかし、これ以外の公権力による盗聴は違法であるばかりでなく、さらに犯罪ともなりうる。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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