In the case of a bilateral contract, one party may refuse to perform its obligation until the other party provides performance of its obligation. This is called the right to defend against simultaneous performance (Civil Code Article 533). For example, in the sale of goods, the seller may refuse to deliver the goods unless the payment is provided, and in the sale of land, the seller may refuse to register the transfer until the other party provides the payment. The reason why each party to a bilateral contract is given such a right to defend is that the opposing obligations in a bilateral contract have a value-based meaning in the sense that one party is obligated because the other party is obligated, and therefore it would be unfair if a special relationship of influence between them was not recognized. In order for the right to defend against simultaneous performance to arise, it is necessary that opposing obligations arising from a single bilateral contract exist, that the other party's obligation is due for performance, and that the other party requests performance without performing or providing its own obligation. In addition, the effect of the defense of simultaneous performance is that the debtor who has it will not be in delay in performance and will not be offset, and if it is asserted in a lawsuit, a judgment for performance in exchange (a judgment ordering the defendant to provide performance in exchange for the plaintiff's performance) will be made. [Takahisa Awaji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
双務契約の場合、当事者の一方は、相手方がその債務の履行を提供するまで、自己の債務の履行を拒むことができる。これを同時履行の抗弁権という(民法533条)。たとえば、商品の売買で、売り主は代金の提供がない限り商品の引渡しを拒むことができるし、土地の売買で、相手方が代金の提供をするまで移転登記を拒むことができる。双務契約の各当事者にこのような抗弁権が与えられるのは、双務契約の相対立する債務が、互いに相手方が債務を負うから自分も債務を負うという意味で対価的意義をもっているために、その間に特殊の牽連(けんれん)関係を認めないと、公平を欠くことになるからである。同時履行の抗弁権が発生するためには、一個の双務契約から生じた相対立する債務が存在すること、相手方の債務が履行期にあること、相手方が自分の債務の履行またはその提供をしないで履行を請求すること、が必要である。また同時履行の抗弁権の効果は、それを有する債務者が履行遅滞にならないこと、相殺されないことであり、また訴訟上、それを主張すると、引換給付判決(原告の履行と引換えに被告に給付を命ずる判決)がなされる。 [淡路剛久] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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