Equation - Equation

Japanese: 等式 - とうしき
Equation - Equation

Formally, an equation is an equation in which two mathematical objects (symbols) are placed on the left and right with an equal sign between them. The left and right sides of the equation are called the left and right sides, respectively. The mathematical meaning of an equation is that both the left and right sides refer to the same mathematical object. For example, 2+3=5, a+b=b+a, x 2 -3x-4=x+1,
△ABC=△PQR
are all equalities, the second example is an identity because it always holds no matter what values ​​a and b have, the third example is an equation because it only holds when x has specific values ​​(-1 and 5), and the fourth example shows that the areas of the triangles on the left and right sides are equal.

An equality sign is a type of equivalence relation. It follows three laws: A=A (reflexive), if A=B then B=A (symmetric), and if A=B and B=C then A=C (transitive). An equation that is mathematically derived from a given equation is called a transformation (change) of the first equation, and the principles of this transformation are the three laws mentioned above, and if A=B then A±C=B±C, and if A=B and C≠0 then,

In particular, the transformation from A±B=C to A=C∓B is called transposing the B on the left side to the right side.

The principle of equation transformation (properties of equations) is particularly important for solving equations.

[Yoshio Takeuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

形式的には、二つの数学的対象(記号)を左右に置き、その間に等号を挟んだ式を等式という。左右の式をそれぞれ左辺および右辺という。等式の数学的意味は、左辺と右辺がともに同一の数学的対象を指示していることである。たとえば
 2+3=5,a+b=b+a,x2-3x-4=x+1,
 △ABC=△PQR
はすべて等式であり、第二の例はa、bがどんな数値を表すときでもつねに成り立つから、恒等式であり、第三の例はxが特定の数値(-1と5)を表すときだけ成り立つから、方程式である。また第四の例は左辺と右辺の三角形の面積が等しいことを表す。

 等号は同値関係の一種である。すなわち、A=A(反射的)、A=BならばB=A(対称的)、A=BかつB=CならばA=C(推移的)という三つの法則に従う。与えられた等式から数学的に導き出される等式を最初の等式の変形(変更)といい、この等式変形の原理は、前述の三法則と、A=BならばA±C=B±Cが成り立ち、またA=BかつC≠0ならば、

が成り立つことである。とくにA±B=CからA=C∓Bの変形を、左辺のBを右辺に移項するという。

 等式変形の原理(等式の性質)はとくに方程式の解法にとって重要である。

[竹内芳男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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