Tokochi

Chinese educator. Originally named Wen Jun, he was from She County, Anhui Province. He entered Jinling University in Nanjing in 1910, graduated in 1914 and went to the United States. He studied urban policy at the University of Illinois, and later studied education under Dewey, the pioneer of pragmatism, at Columbia University. On returning to China in 1916, he became head of the Nanjing Higher Normal School and then general secretary of the China Education Reform Society. In 1923, he founded the China Association for the Promotion of Education for Commoners with Yan Yangchu and others, and promoted the commoner education movement. In 1926, he published the China Education Reform Society's Declaration for the Reform of Nationwide Rural Education. In 1927, he established the Xiaozi Examination Rural Normal School on the outskirts of Nanjing, and in 1932, he established the Life Education Society and the Shanhai Engineering Corps to promote life education, and advocated "life is education, society is school" and "the integration of education and learning." He also advocated a junior teacher system in which good-achieving students taught other students, and tried to use education as a means to improve the lives of the people. After 1935, amid the anti-Japanese movement by students and the people, he believed that education was for the national revolution, and organized a unit of the Shanghai Salvation Association, founded the National Crisis Education Society, and wrote "Plans for Mass Education in the National Crisis" (1936). He then founded the Youcai School and a social university, and was politically active as a member of the Democratic Alliance committee and wrote popular poetry, but died suddenly in Shanghai in 1946 during the White Terror. His works include "Remodeling Chinese Education," "Records of the Knocking of the Ancient Temple," "Free Talks of the Pious Man," "Collection of Poetry and Letters of Politics," and "Courtesy of the Politics of Politics."

[Kazuyuki Fukasawa]

"Suu Gyōchi" by Akio Saito (1951, Toue Shoin)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国の教育家。もとの名は文濬(ぶんえい)。安徽(あんき)省歙(きゅう)県の人。1910年南京(ナンキン)の金陵大学に入学、1914年卒業して渡米。イリノイ大学で都市政策を研究、のちコロンビア大学でプラグマティズムの首唱者デューイに教育学を学ぶ。1916年帰国すると、南京高等師範学校教務主任、ついで中華教育改進社総幹事となり、1923年には晏陽初らと中華平民教育促進会を発足させて、平民教育運動を推進した。1926年には『中華教育改進社改造全国郷村教育宣言』を発表。1927年には南京郊外に暁荘試験郷村師範学校を、1932年には生活教育社および山海工学団を設立して、生活教育を宣伝し、「生活は教育、社会は学校」「教学合一」を主張した。また成績のよい生徒が他の生徒を教える小先生制を提唱し、教育を手段として民衆の生活を改善しようとした。1935年以後は学生、民衆による抗日運動のなかで、教育は民族革命のためのものと考え、上海(シャンハイ)救国会の単位を組織し、国難教育社を結成し、『国難のための大衆教育方案』（1936）を書いた。そして相次いで育才学校や社会大学を創立し、また民主同盟委員としての政治活動、大衆詩の創作を行ったが、1946年白色テロ下の上海で急死した。著作には『中国教育の改造』『古廟敲鐘録(こびょうこうしょうろく)』『斎夫(さいふ)自由談』『行知詩歌集』『行知書信』などがある。

［深澤一幸］

『斎藤秋男著『陶行知』（1951・刀江書院）』

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