Dao-yuan; Tao-yüan

Japanese: 道員 - どういん（英語表記）dao-yuan; tao-yüan

The local government system in China during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It was simply called Dao, Daotai, or Guan. In the Ming Dynasty, they were divided into Counshou and Bunshudao, subordinates of the Fuseishi, and Vice-Envoy and Bunshundao, subordinates of the Ancenshi, and were responsible for managing prefectures, provinces, and counties, but both were positions appointed by Counshou and Bunshudao. In 1753, the 18th year of the Qianlong era in the Qing Dynasty, these were reorganized and made into regular officials, and they were called Daoyin. Bunshudao and Bunshundao managed a region within a province, maintaining public order within that region and supervising administrative affairs, but Daoyin also had special duties and were agencies to assist their superiors, such as the Duli Dao, the Salt Law Dao, the Salt Tea Dao, the Hewang Dao, the Yi-Dong Dao, the Haiguan Dao, the Military Affairs Dao, and the Colonial Road.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，明・清時代の地方官制。単に道ともいい，道台，観察ともいう。明では布政使の属官である参政，参議の担当する分守道と按察使の属官である副使，僉事の担当する分巡道とに分けて府，州，県の管理にあたったが，ともに参政や副使の任じる職名であった。清の乾隆 18 (1753) 年にこれを整理して正規の官とし，道員と称した。分守道，分巡道は省内の一地域を管理しその地域内の治安の維持，行政事務の監督などを行うが，道員にはそのほかに特別の任務を有し，上司の補佐機関である督糧道，塩法道，塩茶道，河工道，駅伝道，海関道，兵備道，屯田道などがあった。

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