F - F

One of the representative styles of classical Chinese literature. It is also called cifu. The word fu originally means to spread out. Therefore, most of the works are long, with splendid phrases throughout, and run to dozens or even hundreds of phrases. It is a magnificent recitation literature that originated in the imperial court of the Chu state at the end of the Warring States period, and reached its heyday during the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties period (2nd century BC to 6th century AD). It is mainly composed of couplets, but also uses a question-and-answer format and interweaves long and short phrases as appropriate, so it has been treated as "prose" since the Wen Xuan, but it also contains many verse elements such as attention to rhyme and rhythm, and more accurately it can be considered a hybrid style of verse and prose. A typical style of ancient Chinese aristocratic literature.

This literary style, which originated in the southern state of Chu, eventually came to dominate the central literary world. Cifu was initially produced actively in the Chu court literary circles, centered around Song Yu and others, but spread to the Jianghuai region as the Chu royal family moved eastward. In the early Western Han dynasty, many writers began to be active in this region, including the three great cifu writers Hei Rong, Zhuang Ji, and Zou Yang. Then, during the reign of Emperor Wu, who was a lover of cifu, Sima Xiangru, Hei Gao, Zhuang Zhu and others who inherited the style of Hei Rong and others were invited in large numbers to the Han literary world, and it can be said that cifu finally achieved a central position in court aristocratic literature.

Representative writers include Yang Xiong of the Former Han Dynasty, Ban Gu, Zhang Heng, and Cai Yong of the Later Han Dynasty, Cao Zhi and Wang Can of the Wei Dynasty, Pan Yue, Lu Ji, and Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty, Guo Pu and Sun Zhuo of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Lingyun, Bao Zhao, Shen Yue, and Jiang Yan of the Southern Dynasties, and Yu Xin of the Northern Dynasties. The rhetoric of fu also had a great influence on the poetry and fubun of the Han and Wei Six Dynasties.

[Shigeru Okamura]

“Complete Interpretation of Kanbun Taikei 26 and 27 Sentences” by Kōichi Oobi (1974, Shueisha)”

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国古典文学の代表的な文体の一つ。辞賦(じふ)ともいう。賦とは、元来、敷き延べる意。したがって全編にわたり華麗な辞句を連ね、数十句から数百句にも及ぶ長編作品がほとんどを占める。戦国末期の楚(そ)国の宮廷文壇からおこり、漢魏六朝(かんぎりくちょう)時代（前2世紀～後6世紀）をその全盛期とする壮麗な朗誦(ろうしょう)文学で、対句を主体にしつつ、問答形式を用いたり、長短句を適宜織り交ぜたりするので、『文選(もんぜん)』以来いちおうは「散文」として取り扱っているが、押韻(おういん)や平仄(ひょうそく)に留意するなど韻文的要素も多分に含んでおり、正確には韻文と散文の折衷様式と考えてよい。中国古代貴族文学の典型的文体。

　南方の楚国に発生したこの文学様式が、やがて中央文壇の主流を占めるに至った経緯は、初め宋玉(そうぎょく)らを中心として楚の宮廷文壇で盛んにつくられていた辞賦が、楚の王室の東遷とともに江淮(こうわい)地方に伝播(でんぱ)され、前漢初期、この地方で枚乗(ばいじょう)、荘忌(そうき)、鄒陽(すうよう)の三大辞賦作家をはじめ多くの作家の活動が始まり、ついで辞賦を愛好した武帝のとき、枚乗らの作風を継承する司馬相如(しばしょうじょ)、枚皋(ばいこう)、荘助(そうじょ)らが漢室の文壇に大挙招かれたことにより、初めて辞賦が宮廷貴族文学の中枢的地位を獲得したといえる。

　代表作家には、前述の諸家に続き、前漢の揚雄(ようゆう)、後漢(ごかん)の班固(はんこ)・張衡(ちょうこう)・蔡邕(さいよう)、魏(ぎ)の曹植・王粲(おうさん)、西晋(せいしん)の潘岳(はんがく)・陸機・左思、東晋の郭璞(かくはく)・孫綽(そんしゃく)、南朝の謝霊運・鮑照(ほうしょう)・沈約(しんやく)・江淹(こうえん)、北朝の庾信(ゆしん)らがある。賦の修辞が漢魏六朝の詩や駢文(べんぶん)に与えた影響も大きい。

［岡村　繁］

『小尾郊一著『全釈漢文大系26・27　文選』（1974・集英社）』

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