A general term for tourmaline group minerals. Also known as tourmaline. The name tourmaline comes from the fact that both ends of the crystal become positively and negatively charged when heated or pressurized. They are generally trigonal or short columnar, with highly developed striations parallel to the direction of extension on the columnar surface. Currently, there are more than 20 known types of tourmaline, including lithium tourmaline, dolomite, ferro-tourmaline, dolomite-voith tourmaline, ferro-dolomite, berger's tourmaline, and dolomite-solithium tourmaline. Ferro-tourmaline and dolomite are the most commonly seen. (1) Elbaite: It often comes in vivid colors such as red, green, yellow, purple, and indigo blue, but can also be colorless. Beautiful, transparent elbaite is used as a gemstone. It is found in pegmatites that contain lithium-rich minerals such as lepidium mica. In Japan, it is found in small quantities in Nagatare, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka Prefecture, and Myoken-san, Hitachiota City, Ibaraki Prefecture. The main global production areas are Brazil, Madagascar, the United States, and Namibia. Its English name comes from the Italian island of Elba, where the beautiful crystals were found. (2) Dravite: It comes in a wide variety of colors, from nearly colorless to brown or dark gray-green. It is most commonly found in regional metamorphic rocks and contact metamorphic rocks. It is also found in pegmatites, rosinite that penetrates ultramafic rocks, basic igneous rocks, hydrothermal veins, and clay deposits formed by hydrothermal alteration. Dravite, which contains elements such as chromium and vanadium, has a beautiful green color and is often used as a gemstone. Its English name comes from the Drave region of Austria, where it originates. (3) Schorl: Generally black in color. Sometimes the crystal surface is covered with muscovite, or the inside is completely replaced by muscovite. It is often found in granitic pegmatites, together with quartz, feldspar, muscovite, and iron-aluminum garnet. It is also found in veins of pneumatogenetic deposits, in greisen (a type of rock altered by pneumatogenetic action), in skarn, and in hornfels. The English name Schörl comes from the German Schörl (black tourmaline), but the origin of this word is unclear. One theory is that it is from the ancient Germanic Schor, meaning remnants or impurities. However, it seems that this name was originally used for a wide variety of minerals. (4) Magnesiofoitite: Generally needle-like or hair-like, white to pale blue-green in color. Found in hydrothermally altered rocks, it is poor in alkali elements. A mineral discovered in Kyonosawa, Mitomi Village, Yamanashi Prefecture (now Yamanashi City). In addition to these, sapphire tourmaline is composed mainly of calcium and magnesium, ferromagnesium tourmaline is a type of tourmaline in which the aluminum has been replaced with trivalent iron, berger's tourmaline is composed mainly of sodium, trivalent iron, and aluminum, and sapphire lithium tourmaline (liddicoatite) is a type of tourmaline in which the sodium has been replaced with calcium. All four of these types are rare. Along with opal, it is the birthstone for October. [Satoshi Matsubara] [References] | | | | | | | | |Quartz| | - | | | | | | | | [Supplementary information] |©Central Gem Laboratory "> Tourmaline (rough stone) Pink tourmaline in the center, vanadium tourmaline on the right ©Central Gem Laboratory "> Tourmaline Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電気石グループ鉱物の総称。トルマリンともいう。加熱あるいは加圧により、結晶の両端がプラスとマイナスに帯電することから電気石の名がある。一般に三方柱状ないし短柱状で、柱面に伸びの方向と平行な条線が著しく発達している。現在電気石には、リチア電気石、苦土電気石、鉄電気石、苦土フォイト電気石、灰電気石、フェリ苦土電気石、バーガー電気石、灰リチア電気石など20種類以上が知られている。鉄電気石と苦土電気石がもっとも普通にみられる。 (1)リチア電気石elbaite 紅、緑、黄、紫、藍青(らんせい)など鮮やかな色をすることが多く、また無色のこともある。透明で美しいものは宝石として利用される。鱗雲母(りんうんも)(リチア雲母)などリチウムに富む鉱物を含むペグマタイト中に産する。日本では福岡県福岡市西区長垂(ながたれ)、茨城県常陸太田(ひたちおおた)市の妙見山(みょうけんさん)などで少量産する。世界的にはブラジル、マダガスカル、アメリカ、ナミビアなどが主産地。英名は美しい結晶を産したイタリアのエルバ島にちなんで命名された。 (2)苦土電気石dravite 無色に近いものから褐色ないし暗灰緑色のものまで変化に富む。広域変成岩や接触変成岩中にもっともよく産する。ほかに、ペグマタイト、超塩基性岩を貫くロジン岩、塩基性火成岩、熱水鉱脈、熱水変質でできた粘土鉱床中などに産する。クロムやバナジウムなどの成分を含むものは美しい緑色を呈し、しばしば宝石として利用される。英名は原産地オーストリアのドレーブDrave地方に由来。 (3)鉄電気石schorl 一般に黒色。白雲母が結晶面を覆ったり、内部まですっかり白雲母に置換されていることもある。花崗岩(かこうがん)質ペグマタイト中に、石英、長石、白雲母、鉄礬(てつばん)ざくろ石などを伴ってよく産する。ほかに、気成鉱床中の鉱脈やグライゼン(気成作用による変質岩の一種)中、スカルン、ホルンフェルスなどにも産する。英名の起源はドイツ語のシェールSchörl(黒電気石)に由来するが、この語のいわれはさだかではない。一説には古代ゲルマン語の残り物あるいは不純物という意味のSchorであるともいわれている。しかし、この名前はもともと多種類の鉱物に対して使われていたようである。 (4)苦土フォイト電気石magnesiofoitite 一般に針状ないし毛状で、白色から淡青緑色。熱水変質岩中に産出し、アルカリ元素に乏しい。山梨県三富(みとみ)村(現、山梨市)京ノ沢で発見された鉱物。 これらのほか、灰電気石はカルシウム、マグネシウムを主成分とし、フェリ苦土電気石は苦土電気石のアルミニウムを3価の鉄で置換したものである。またバーガー電気石はナトリウム、3価の鉄、アルミニウムを主成分とし、灰リチア電気石(リディコアタイト)はリチア電気石のナトリウムをカルシウムで置換したものにあたる。これら4種はいずれも産出はまれである。オパール(たんぱく石)とともに10月の誕生石となっている。 [松原 聰] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [補完資料] |©中央宝石研究所"> トルマリン(電気石)〔原石〕 中央はピンクトルマリン、右はバナジウムトルマリン©中央宝石研究所"> トルマリン 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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