Dialectical materialism - dialectical materialism

Japanese: 弁証法的唯物論 - べんしょうほうてきゆいぶつろん(英語表記)dialectical materialism 英語
Dialectical materialism - dialectical materialism

As a fundamental Marxist philosophical theory, it is an idea that was interpreted and organized mainly in the former Soviet Union after the establishment of the revolution. The application of dialectical materialism to nature is considered to be natural dialectics, and its application to history and society is considered to be historical materialism, or, in a broad sense, natural dialectics and dialectical materialism are considered to be the same, and historical materialism is considered to be its application. "Historical materialism is the application of the propositions of dialectical materialism to the study of the phenomena of social life and social history" (Stalin). In other words, dialectical materialism is a fundamental principle common to nature and society.

[Kato Naotake]

Dialectics of Ideation and Metaphysical Materialism

Dialectical materialism is opposed to both non-dialectical materialism, i.e. metaphysical materialism, and non-materialistic dialectics, i.e. ideal dialectics, and is also called "dialectical materialism." Marx and Engels never used the term "dialectical materialism" to describe their own position. The term was originally first used by Plekhanov to characterize the nature of Marxism in comparison with other philosophical ideas, and was then adopted by Lenin. After being refined in content based on certain interpretations by Deborin and Bukharin, Stalin's On Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism (1938) (1) characterized Marxism from other ideas, (2) formulated it as a fundamental definition common to nature and society, and (3) formulated it in the form of a concise dogma. Stalin's ideas subsequently formed the prototype of various philosophical textbooks published in the Soviet Union.

Stalin emphasized that materialism is characterized by the fact that matter, nature, and existence are objective realities that exist outside of and independent of our consciousness, and that matter is the source of sensations, ideas, and consciousness. He then summarized the "main features of the dialectical method" as follows: (1) things and phenomena are viewed as a correlative whole that is organically linked to each other and that restricts and limits each other; (2) nature is viewed as a state of constant movement and change, renewal and development, arising, decay, and decline; (3) nature is viewed as a state of development that transforms from quantitative change to qualitative change, such as when liquid turns into gas, in the form of a rapid transformation; (4) contradictions are always inherent in natural things and phenomena, and the struggle between the old and the new, between what perishes and what is born...contradictions constitute the content of the development process. Naturally, various differences and similarities have been pointed out between the details of these characterizations and the ideas of Marx and Engels.

[Kato Naotake]

"The German Ideology" by Marx and Engels, translated by Kohei Hanasaki (1966, Godo Publishing)""Critique of Political Economy" by Marx, translated by Minoru Miyagawa (Aoki Bunko)""The Communist Manifesto" by Marx and Engels, translated by Hyoe Ouchi et al. (Iwanami Bunko)"

[References] | Dialectics | Materialism

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

マルクス主義の根本的な哲学学説として、主として革命成立後の旧ソ連で解釈、整理された思想。弁証法的唯物論の自然への適用が自然弁証法であり、歴史・社会への適用が史的唯物論であるとみなされるか、もしくは、広義の自然弁証法と弁証法的唯物論が同一のものとされて、史的唯物論がその適用とみなされる。「史的唯物論は、弁証法的唯物論の諸命題を、社会生活の現象、社会歴史の研究へ適用させたものである」(スターリン)。つまり、弁証法的唯物論は、自然と社会に共通する根本原理である。

[加藤尚武]

観念弁証法と形而上学的唯物論

弁証法的でない唯物論、つまりいわゆる形而上(けいじじょう)学的唯物論と、唯物論的でない弁証法、つまり観念弁証法の両方に対立し、「唯物弁証法」ともいわれる。マルクス、エンゲルスは自分の立場に「弁証法的唯物論」ということばを用いたことはない。このことばは、元来、他の哲学思想に対してマルクス主義の性格を特徴づけることばとしてプレハーノフによって初めて用いられ、レーニンに引き継がれた。デボーリン、ブハーリンによって、一定の解釈のもとに内容的に整えられたのち、スターリンの『弁証法的唯物論と史的唯物論について』(1938)によって、(1)マルクス主義を他の思想から特徴づけるとともに、(2)自然と社会に共通する原理的規定として、(3)簡潔な教条の形に定式化された。このスターリンの考え方はその後、ソ連で発行される諸種の哲学教科書の原型を形づくった。

 スターリンは、唯物論の特徴として、物質、自然、存在はわれわれの意識の外に、意識から独立して存在する客観的現実であり、物質は感覚、観念、意識の源泉であることを強調したうえで、「弁証法的方法の主要な特徴」を、(1)事物、現象を相互に有機的に連関し、相互に制約、限定しあう相関的な全一体とみる。(2)自然を絶えざる運動と変化、更新と発展、発生と崩壊、衰亡としてみる。(3)液体が気体に転化するときのように、自然を量的変化から質的変化に転化する発展、飛躍的転化の形での発展としてみる。(4)矛盾が自然の事物と現象にかならず内在し、古いものと新しいもの、死滅するものと生成するもの、……その闘争が発展過程の内容を構成する、と要約した。これらの特徴づけの細部については、当然、マルクス、エンゲルスの思想との異同がさまざまに指摘されている。

[加藤尚武]

『マルクス、エンゲルス著、花崎皋平訳『ドイツ・イデオロギー』(1966・合同出版社)』『マルクス著、宮川実訳『経済学批判』(青木文庫)』『マルクス、エンゲルス著、大内兵衛他訳『共産党宣言』(岩波文庫)』

[参照項目] | 弁証法 | 唯物論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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