Charge transfer complex

Japanese: 電荷移動錯体 - でんかいどうさくたい(英語表記)charge transfer complex
Charge transfer complex

They are also called molecular complexes. In addition to chemical bonds that require the donation of electron pairs, a charge transfer can occur between a compound with a functional group that is electron deficient and a compound with a functional group that is electron rich, resulting in a compound called a charge transfer complex. A functional group that pushes out electrons is the methyl group -CH3 , and a functional group that easily accepts electrons is the nitro group -NO2 . Compounds that have each of these functional groups form a charge transfer complex. Here, a compound with a methyl group can be considered a base that is electron deficient, and one with a nitro group can be considered an acid, so they can also be considered acid-base bonds.

Charge-transfer complexes have been theoretically investigated since the 1950s, when organic compounds with electrical conductivity were discovered. For example, a crystal made of alternating TTF (tetrathiafulvalene) and TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane) exhibits an electrical resistance of only 10-3 Ω·cm at room temperature, but the resistance increases as the temperature rises. The resistance also varies by 1000 times depending on the orientation of the crystal. The electrical conductivity of these compounds is due to the π (pi) electron interaction between the molecules. Similarly, polyacetylene, which has conjugated double bonds, is also electrically conductive. In 2000, Hideki Shirakawa was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on these compounds.

[Takashi Shimozawa]

[Reference item] | Functional group | Hideki Shirakawa
Examples of charge-transfer complexes (compounds with methyl groups and compounds with nitro groups)
©Shogakukan ">

Example of a charge transfer complex (a compound with a methyl group...

Structure of TTF and TCNQ
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of TTF and TCNQ


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

分子錯体ともいう。化学結合には電子対の供与が必要なもののほかに、電子が不足している官能基をもった化合物と、電子に富んだ官能基をもった化合物との間に、電荷の移動が生じて、電荷移動錯体とよばれる化合物ができることがある。電子を押し出す官能基にはメチル基-CH3、電子を受け入れやすい官能基にはニトロ基-NO2があげられるが、これらの官能基をそれぞれもつ両化合物は、電荷移動錯体をつくる。ここでメチル基をもつ化合物は電子の不足している塩基、ニトロ基をもつものは酸ともみなせるので、酸・塩基の結合とみることもできる。

 電荷移動錯体は、1950年代に、有機化合物にあっても電導性をもつものが発見されてから、その存在が理論的に追究された。たとえば、TTF(テトラチアフルバレン)とTCNQ(テトラシアノキノジメタン)とが交互に配列してできた結晶は、室温では10-3Ω・cmの電気抵抗しか示さないが、温度の上昇とともに抵抗が増加する。また結晶の方向によって抵抗が1000倍も異なる。これらの電導性は分子間のπ(パイ)電子相互作用による。同様にして、共役二重結合をもつポリアセチレンにも電導性がある。なお、2000年(平成12)に白川英樹がこれらの研究の業績でノーベル化学賞を受賞した。

[下沢 隆]

[参照項目] | 官能基 | 白川英樹
電荷移動錯体の例(メチル基をもつ化合物とニトロ基をもつ化合物)
©Shogakukan">

電荷移動錯体の例(メチル基をもつ化合物…

TTFとTCNQの構造
©Shogakukan">

TTFとTCNQの構造


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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