Nian-wei; nien-wêi

Japanese: 碾磑 - てんがい（英語表記）nian-wei; nien-wêi

A Chinese stone mill. Both mills and water mills grind things together. They are used for threshing and milling. They are also called water mills or water mills because they are powered by water. They have been around since the Han dynasty, but during the Tang dynasty when manors developed, agricultural technology improved and the spread of three crops every two years led to increased wheat production, so aristocrats installed mills and had their families manage them. As a result, when the water used for threshing and milling was actually for irrigation, it caused disputes over water rights with ordinary farmers, and mills became a social issue. As a result, laws were issued to prohibit mills in order to protect the farmers who wanted to equalize the land, but from the end of the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty, ordinary farmers tended to be absorbed into manors, so the crackdown on mills was left unchecked.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国の石臼のこと。碾，磑ともに物と物とをすり合せること。脱穀，製粉に使用される。水力によって動かされるので水碾，水磑ともいわれる。古く漢代からあったが，荘園が発達した唐の時代には，農業技術が発達して二年三毛作の普及により小麦の生産量が増大し，貴族は碾磑を設置し，磑戸に経営させた。そのため脱穀，製粉などに利用される水が灌漑用の水であった場合，一般農民との間に水利権の争いを起し，碾磑が社会的な問題となった。その結果，均田農民を保護するため碾磑を禁止する法令も出されたが，唐末から宋代にかけては，むしろ一般農民が荘園に吸収される傾向だったので，碾磑の取締りは放任された。

出典　ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典ブリタニカ国際大百科事典小項目事典について　情報

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