An inventor during the British Industrial Revolution. Known for inventing the mule spinning machine. Born on a farm outside Boulton, Lancashire. Having lost his father at a young age, he made a living as a weaver from an early age. Having used a spinning jenny to produce his own raw yarn, he decided to improve it in 1772. In 1779, he invented a spinning machine that combined the roller-drawing mechanism of the water-powered spinning machine with the twisting principle of the spindle of the spinning jenny. Like the jenny, this machine alternated between twisting and winding, and its operation and structure were more complicated than the water-powered spinning machine, but it was capable of producing both warp and weft threads, and was superior to both in that it could produce fine threads, so it quickly became popular. The name mule (a hybrid of a horse and a donkey) comes from the fact that it combined the characteristics of both machines. Initially, mules were hand-operated, but attempts were made to motorize them, and in 1830 inventor Roberts perfected the automatic mule spinning machine, which became the mainstay of the British cotton industry until the end of the 19th century. However, Crompton himself gained very little from this invention, as he had unveiled the mule in 1780 without obtaining a patent, and was only given a lump sum of £5,000 by Parliament in 1812. Lacking business talent, his own business failed, and he died in Boulton in disappointment. [Gorou Mizuno] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリス産業革命期の発明家。ミュールmule紡績機の発明で知られる。ランカシャーのボールトン郊外の農家に生まれる。幼時期に父と死別したため早くから織布工として生計をたて、原料糸の自給のためジェニー紡績機を使用したことから、1772年以降その改良を志す。1779年、水力紡績機のローラーによる粗糸引伸しの機構とジェニー紡績機の紡錘による撚(よ)りかけの原理を組み合わせた紡績機を考案した。この機械はジェニーと同じく、撚りかけと巻き取りが交互になされ、その操作と構造は水力紡績機よりも複雑だったが、経(たて)糸、緯(よこ)糸のいずれも生産が可能で、しかも細糸が生産できる点でそれら両機種より優れており、急速に普及した。ミュール(ラバ。ウマとロバの混血)の名は、両機種の特徴を兼ね備えていることに由来する。当初、ミュールは手動であったが、その後動力化が試みられ、1830年、発明家ロバーツにより自動ミュール紡績機として完成され、19世紀末までイギリス綿工業の主力機種となった。しかしクロンプトン自身は、1780年に特許をとることなくミュールを公開したため、この発明によってほとんど得るところがなく、1812年国会によりわずか5000ポンドの一時金を与えられただけであった。経営の才に恵まれなかったため、彼自身の事業は失敗し、失意のうちにボールトンで没した。 [水野五郎] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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