One-person company

Japanese: 一人会社 - いちにんがいしゃ
One-person company

Generally, a company whose equity (shares in a joint stock company) is held by one person. In a broader sense, it also includes a company that has several members (shareholders), but one of them owns the majority of the shares, and the others are merely present as straw men to meet the formal requirements for the establishment and continuation of the company. In Japan, the establishment of a one-person company in the narrow sense was not permitted under the previous Commercial Code, which required seven or more promoters at the time of establishment, but this provision was abolished by the amendment of the Commercial Code in 1990 (Heisei 2), making it possible. The same principle is inherited in the Companies Act enacted in 2005. In addition, regarding whether a company needs to be dissolved when it has only one member after its establishment, during the Commercial Code era, the fact that a partnership or limited partnership company had only one member was listed as a reason for dissolution, while only a joint stock company was allowed to continue as a one-person company. However, with the enactment of the Companies Act, it was allowed for each of the partnership, limited liability company, and joint stock company to continue as a one-person company. Although the fact that the number of partners of a limited partnership is reduced to one is not a cause for dissolution of the company, it is deemed that the articles of incorporation have been amended to allow the company to continue as a general partnership or a limited liability company depending on whether the remaining partners are unlimited liability partners or limited liability partners (Articles 471, 641, and 639 of the Companies Act). The theoretical justification for recognizing the concept of a one-person company is that even if all shares belong to one person, they may be held by multiple shareholders through their transfer (potential corporatism). The practical necessity for recognizing the concept of a one-person company is to form a conglomerate by recognizing one-person companies such as subsidiaries in which the parent company holds all the shares. This is particularly useful for explaining the relationship between a wholly owned parent and subsidiary company that was created through share exchanges and share transfers introduced by the 1999 Commercial Code amendment. It should also be noted that a one-person company in the broad sense is essentially a private company, and that private companies, which should have unlimited liability in principle, are easily abused as a means to take advantage of the limited liability system for shareholders.

[Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara]

"One-person Companies and Legal Regulations for Company Establishment" by Toshiyuki Sakamaki (2005, Seibundo)

[Reference] | Company | Corporation Law | Stock company | Limited partnership | Limited partnership | General partnership | Consortium | Equity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に、その持分(もちぶん)(株式会社では株式)が1人の手に保有される会社。広義では、数人の社員(株主)がいても、そのうちの1人が大部分の株式を所有し、ほかは会社の設立や存続の形式要件を満たすために藁(わら)人形的に存在するにすぎない会社も含む。日本では狭義の一人会社として設立することは、従来の商法においては、設立の際には発起人が7人以上必要であるとの規定があり、認められていなかったが、1990年(平成2)の商法改正によって同規定が廃止され、可能となった。同趣旨は2005年制定の会社法においても受け継がれている。また、会社成立後も社員が1人となれば解散する必要があるかについては、商法時代には合名会社と合資会社においては社員が1人となったことが解散事由としてあげられる一方で、株式会社でのみ一人会社の存続が認められているにすぎなかった。しかし、会社法の制定によって、合名会社・合同会社・株式会社それぞれについて、一人会社として存続することが認められた。なお、合資会社の社員が1人となったことは会社の解散原因とはならないが、その残余の社員が無限責任社員であるか有限責任社員であるかによって、合名会社あるいは合同会社として存続する旨の定款変更がなされたものとみなされる(会社法471条、641条、639条)。一人会社概念を認める理論的根拠としては、全株式が1人に帰属しても、その譲渡により複数の株主に保有される可能性があることにある(潜在的社団性)。また、一人会社概念を認める実際的必要性としては、親会社が全株式を所有する子会社のような一人会社を認めることにより、コンツェルンを形成することにある。とくに、1999年の商法改正によって導入された株式交換や株式移転を用いて創設された完全親子会社関係を説明するために有用である。なお、広義の一人会社は実質的には個人企業であり、本来無限責任を負うべき個人企業が、株主の有限責任制度を利用する手段として濫用されやすい点にも留意する必要がある。

[戸田修三・福原紀彦]

『酒巻俊之著『一人会社と会社設立の法規制』(2005・成文堂)』

[参照項目] | 会社 | 会社法 | 株式会社 | 合資会社 | 合同会社 | 合名会社 | コンツェルン | 持分

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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