Catacombs - catacumba (Latin)

Japanese: カタコンベ - かたこんべ(英語表記)catacumba ラテン語
Catacombs - catacumba (Latin)

Catacombs of ancient Christians. From the Greek katacymbus (meaning "beside a depression"). It was the ancient name of a depression in Rome, but it became the name of the catacombs of the Church of St. Sebastian built there, and it came to refer to similar ancient Christian catacombs. At first, it was only family tombs, but it seems that communal tombs were also established before the 3rd century. However, the practice of building underground tombs was also practiced by Judaism and other religions. Catacombs are spread throughout the ancient Roman world, including Naples, Sicily, North Africa, and Asia Minor. The largest catacombs were found in Rome. Burials within the city were prohibited by law, so catacombs were built on the outskirts (often along wide roads). The oldest catacombs discovered in Rome date back to the 1st century. This is probably because the geology of the volcanic ash, which is easy to process and durable, was suitable for catacombs. A rectangular or semicircular niche was carved into the wall of a corridor about one meter wide and two to three meters high, and the body was placed there, then covered with a brick or marble slab and sealed with lime. The name, age, date of death, and sometimes symbolic pictures or blessings were inscribed on the niche. Square tombs with niches were provided in various places along the corridor, and were used for ceremonies and meals. Stone benches were placed along the walls, and vertical holes were made in the tombs and corridors for lighting and ventilation. Large catacombs had corridors running vertically and horizontally like a network, and some had five floors. It is not true that persecuted Christians used the catacombs as a place of worship. However, worship services were held in the catacombs to commemorate the dead, especially martyrs. In the 4th century, as veneration for the martyrs increased, the catacombs were renovated by attaching monumental inscriptions to their tombs and widening the corridors. Burials in the catacombs ceased in the mid-5th century, and in the 8th century the remains of the martyrs were moved to the city's churches. The catacombs were then almost forgotten, until excavations and research began in the 16th century. The murals in the early period were based on figures from ancient mythology and pastoral scenes (though in the 4th century many scenes from the Bible were depicted), but they also contain Christian symbolism, such as the lamb and fish representing Christ. They are interesting examples of early Christian art.

[Sadao Kawashima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

古代キリスト教徒の地下墓所。ギリシア語カタキュムバス(「窪地(くぼち)の傍ら」の意)に由来。ローマにある窪地の古い地名であったが、そこに建てられた聖セバスチャン教会の地下墓所の名前となり、さらに、これと同様な古代のキリスト教徒の地下墓所をもさすようになった。初めは家族墓所だけであったが、3世紀以前に信者共同の墓所も設けられたようである。しかし地下に墓所をつくる慣習はユダヤ教その他の宗教においても行われていた。カタコンベはナポリ、シチリア、北アフリカ、小アジアなど古代ローマ世界の諸所に広がっている。なかでもローマではもっとも大規模なカタコンベが発見された。市内での埋葬は法律で禁じられていたので、カタコンベは郊外に(多くの場合、広い道路に沿って)つくられている。ローマで発見された最古のカタコンベは1世紀にさかのぼる。加工が容易で耐久性の強い火山灰の地質がカタコンベに適していたからであろう。幅約1メートル、高さ2~3メートルの通廊(つうろう)の壁に、長方形あるいは上部が半円形の壁龕(へきがん)をつくり、そこに遺体を安置し、れんがまたは大理石板でふさぎ、石灰で密閉する。そこには死者の名前、年齢、死亡の日などのほかに、ときには象徴的な絵や祝福のことばが刻まれている。通廊の所々に壁龕のついた四角な墓室が設けられ、儀式や会食にも使われた。壁沿いに石造りの腰掛が置かれ、墓室や通廊には採光、通風のために縦穴(たてあな)もあけられている。大きなカタコンベは通廊が縦横に網の目のように走り、5層からなるものもある。迫害されていたキリスト教徒がカタコンベを礼拝の場として用いたということは、事実ではないらしい。しかしカタコンベでは死者、とくに殉教者を記念する礼拝が行われた。4世紀には殉教者への崇敬が高まるにつれ、その墓に記念碑的墓銘(ぼめい)を取り付けたり、通廊を広げるなどして、カタコンベの改修がなされた。5世紀中葉からカタコンベへの埋葬は行われなくなり、8世紀には殉教者の遺骸(いがい)は都市の教会に移された。それ以後カタコンベはほとんど忘れられてしまったが、16世紀に至り発掘と研究が開始された。その壁画は、初期のころは古代神話の形姿や田園風景などを題材としているが(4世紀になると聖書の場面が数多く描かれる)、そこには、羊や魚をもってキリストを表すような、キリスト教的象徴がみられる。初期キリスト教美術を示すものとしても興味深い。

[川島貞雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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