Articles of incorporation
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The fundamental rules that determine the organization and activities of a company (articles of incorporation in a practical sense). The written document or electronic record that records this is also called articles of incorporation (articles of incorporation in a formal sense). The incorporation of a joint-stock company begins with the promoters preparing the articles of incorporation and signing or stamping it (electronic signatures are also acceptable) (Companies Act, Article 26, Paragraphs 1 and 2). The articles of incorporation must be certified by a notary public in order to clarify their contents and prevent future disputes or fraudulent acts (Corporate Act, Article 30, Paragraph 1), and will not come into effect unless they are certified. Generally, the articles of incorporation prepared at the time of establishment are called the original articles of incorporation. [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] DetailsThe items to be included in the articles of incorporation are divided into absolute items, relative items, and optional items depending on their legal effect. [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] Absolute informationItems that must be included in the articles of incorporation, and the entire articles of incorporation will be invalid if any one of them is omitted (Article 27 of the Companies Act): (1) the company's purpose, (2) trade name, (3) head office location, (4) the value of assets contributed at the time of incorporation or the minimum amount thereof, (5) the names and addresses of the promoters (Article 27, items 1 to 5 of the same Act), and (6) the total number of shares that can be issued. Note that the total number of shares that can be issued (the so-called number of authorized shares) does not need to be determined at the time of creating the articles of incorporation, and can be determined in the articles of incorporation by the time the incorporation procedures are completed (Article 37, paragraph 1, Article 98 of the same Act). [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] Relative DescriptionAlthough not including it in the articles of incorporation does not affect the validity of the articles of incorporation itself, if it is not included, it will not have legal effect (Article 29 of the same law). Typical examples are the method of announcement and irregular incorporation matters. [1] Method of public notice: (1) Publication in the Official Gazette, (2) Publication in a daily newspaper, or (3) Electronic public notice may be specified in the articles of incorporation (Article 939, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Companies Act). If the articles of incorporation do not specify this, the method of public notice will be publication in the Official Gazette (Article 939, Paragraph 4 of the Companies Act). [2] Unusual incorporation matters These are called "dangerous promises" (Article 28 of the Companies Act), and specifically include (1) contributions in kind, (2) underwriting of assets, (3) promoters' remuneration and special benefits, and (4) incorporation expenses. Because these unusual incorporation matters have the potential to harm the financial foundation of the company, they are considered to be matters to be included in the original articles of incorporation and, in principle, must be investigated by an inspector appointed by the court, and if they are found to be unjust, they can be changed by the court or at the founding general meeting (Article 33, Paragraphs 1 and 7 of the Companies Act). [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] Optional informationItems that may simply be included in the articles of incorporation (Article 29 of the Companies Act). Any item may be included as long as it does not violate the nature of a joint-stock company or mandatory regulations. [Shuzo Toda and Norihiko Fukuhara] "New Corporate Law Practical Problems Series 1: Practical Drafting of Articles of Incorporation and Various Rules" edited by Mori Hamada & Matsumoto Law Office, written by Soichiro Fujiwara and Tenko Hori (2006, Chuo Keizai Publishing)" "Takara Printing Securities Research Association edited by Nakamura Nobuo, "Practical Drafting of Articles of Incorporation Under the Corporate Law: Review and Commentary of the Zenkakon Model" (2006, Chuo Keizai Publishing) [Reference] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
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会社の組織・活動を定めた根本規則（実質的意義の定款）。これを記載した書面・記録した電磁的記録を定款ということもある（形式的意義の定款）。株式会社を設立するには発起人が定款を作成し、これに署名または記名捺印(なついん)（電子署名も可）することに始まる（会社法26条1項・2項）。定款は、その内容を明確にして後日の紛争や不正行為を予防するため、公証人による認証を必要とし（同法30条1項）、その認証を受けなければ効力を生じない。一般に、設立当初に作成された定款を原始定款という。 ［戸田修三・福原紀彦］ 記載事項定款の記載事項は、その法的効力によって、絶対的記載事項・相対的記載事項・任意的記載事項に分けられる。 ［戸田修三・福原紀彦］ 絶対的記載事項定款にかならず記載しなければならない事項で、その一つの記載を欠いても定款全体が無効となるもの（会社法27条）。(1)会社の目的、(2)商号、(3)本店所在地、(4)設立に際して出資される財産の価額またはその最低額、(5)発起人の氏名および住所（同法27条1号～5号）、(6)発行可能株式総数がある。なお、発行可能株式総数（いわゆる授権株式数）は、定款作成時に定める必要はなく、設立手続完了時までに定款で定めればよい（同法37条1項、98条）。 ［戸田修三・福原紀彦］ 相対的記載事項定款に記載しなくても定款自体の効力には影響はないが、記載しなければその事項について法律上の効力を生じないもの（同法29条）。代表的なものには公告方法と変態設立事項がある。 〔1〕公告方法 (1)官報に掲載する方法、(2)日刊新聞紙に掲載する方法、(3)電子公告のいずれかを定款で定めることができる（会社法939条1項・2項）。定款で定めないと官報に掲載する方法をとることになる（同法939条4項）。 〔2〕変態設立事項 「危険な約束」とよばれるものであり（同法28条）、具体的には、(1)現物出資、(2)財産引受け、(3)発起人の報酬・特別利益、(4)設立費用がある。これらの変態設立事項は、会社の財産的基礎を害するおそれがあるため、原始定款の相対的記載事項とされ、原則として裁判所が選任する検査役の調査を受けることを要し、そこで不当と認められた場合には裁判所または創立総会において変更される（会社法33条1項・7項）。 ［戸田修三・福原紀彦］ 任意的記載事項単に定款に記載しうるにすぎない事項（会社法29条）。株式会社の本質、強行法規に反しない限り、任意の事項を記載できる。 ［戸田修三・福原紀彦］ 『森・濱田松本法律事務所編、藤原総一郎・堀天子著『新・会社法実務問題シリーズ1 定款・各種規則の作成実務』（2006・中央経済社）』▽『宝印刷証券研究会編、中村信男著『会社法による定款作成の実務――全株懇モデルの検討と解説』（2006・中央経済社）』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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