In cutting-edge technology fields such as space development and superconducting applications, structural steel (low-temperature steel) that has sufficient mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures (below -250°C) is required. At room temperature, iron breaks in a tough manner (ductile fracture), but at low temperatures, its toughness drops sharply and it becomes brittle like rock. The reason why iron exhibits this property is related to the fact that iron crystals have a structure in which atoms are located at the corners and center of the body of a die (body-centered cubic structure). The atomic arrangement that is expected to be ductile even at low temperatures is the face-centered cubic structure, with atoms located at the corners and center of each face of a die. Austenitic stainless steel (such as 304) is made by adding additive elements to iron to give it a face-centered cubic structure. 9% nickel steel, which does not become brittle at cryogenic temperatures and does not easily transmit heat, is used for tanks for low-temperature liquefied gases such as natural gas and petroleum gas. It has about three times the strength of stainless steel. Stainless steels that have high strength, excellent toughness, and good weldability have been developed in Japan by replacing some of the nickel with manganese, or by adding molybdenum and titanium in addition to nickel. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
宇宙開発や超伝導応用などの先端技術分野では,極低温域 (-250℃以下) で十分な機械的性質を有する構造用鋼 (低温用鋼) が要求される。鉄は常温では粘りのある壊れ方 (延性破壊) をするが,低温になると粘さ (靭〈じん〉性) が急激に低下し岩石のようにもろくなる。鉄がこのような性質を示すのは,鉄の結晶がサイコロの角と体心に原子がある構造 (体心立方構造) をとることに関係している。低温でも延性が期待される原子配列は,サイコロの角とそれぞれの面の中央に原子がある面心立方構造である。鉄に添加元素を加えて面心立方構造をとるようにしたのがオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼 (304など) である。天然ガス,石油ガスなど低温液化ガス用タンクなどには,極低温でももろくならず,しかも熱を伝えにくい9%ニッケル鋼が用いられている。これは,ステンレス鋼の約3倍もの耐力がある。ニッケルの一部をマンガンで置換したもの,ニッケルのほか,モリブデン,チタンを添加して高強度で靭 (じん) 性が優れ,溶接性のよいステンレス鋼が,日本で開発されている。
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