Person - Ninsho

Japanese: 人称 - にんしょう
Person - Ninsho

A type of grammatical category that appears in pronouns and verbs. Three persons are distinguished: (1) first person. The speaker "I" or the people including the speaker "we". (2) second person. The listener "you" or the people including the listener (excluding the speaker) "you guys". (3) third person. A person or thing other than the first or second person, such as "he", "she", "they", "them", etc. This distinction between the three persons seems to exist in almost all languages ​​of the world. It is reflected in individual languages ​​in the following ways:

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

Personal pronouns or similar

Examples in Japanese have already been given. Examples in English: first person I, we, second person you, third person he, she, it, they. Examples in Latin: first person egō "I" etc., second person tū "you" etc., no third person (substitute with a demonstrative pronoun). Examples in Jarro, a language spoken in northwestern Australia: first person ngatyu "I" etc., second person nyuntu "you" etc., third person nyantu "he or she or it".

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

Affix personal pronouns

It is a kind of personal pronoun, but while the above-mentioned personal pronouns are independent words, affixed personal pronouns are not independent as words and are attached to other words. Examples in Jaro include first person -rna "I", second person -n "you", third person -0/(zero) "he or she or it". In Jaro, affixed personal pronouns can be attached to nouns, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, verbs, etc.

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

Verb conjugation endings

Examples from Latin: first person cantō "I sing", second person cantās "you sing", third person cantat "he or she (or it) sings", etc. These Latin conjugation endings indicate person (and number, etc.).

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

Demonstratives

For example, in the Japanese "kosoado" demonstrative system, one theory is that words in the "ko" series refer to things close to the speaker (first person), words in the "so" series refer to things close to the listener (second person), and words in the "a" series refer to other things (third person).

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

others

For example, in Japanese, expressions that include "garu," such as "shigaru" (to want to...) and "hoshigaru" (to want to...), are usually used in the third person, as in "Ichiro wants to see Kumiko." On the other hand, expressions that do not include "garu," such as "shitai" (to want to...) and "hoshi" (to want to...), are usually used in the first and second person, but are usually used in affirmative sentences in the first person and interrogative sentences in the second person, as in "I want to see Kumiko" and "Do you want to see Kumiko?"

[Tsunoda Taisaku]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

代名詞や動詞に現れる文法範疇(はんちゅう)の一種。次の三つの人称が区別される。(1)一人称。話し手「私」または話し手を含む人たち「私たち」。(2)二人称。聞き手「あなた」または聞き手を含む人たち(話し手を除いて)「あなた方」。(3)三人称。一人称、二人称以外の人や物。「彼」「彼女」「彼ら」「彼女ら」など。この三つの人称の区別は、世界のほとんどすべての言語にあるらしい。個々の言語への反映は以下のような形である。

[角田太作]

人称代名詞またはその類

日本語の例はすでにあげた。英語の例、一人称I, we、二人称you、三人称he, she, it, they。ラテン語の例、一人称egō「私」など、二人称tū「あなた」など、三人称なし(指示代名詞で代用する)。オーストラリア北西部のジャロ語の例、一人称ngatyu「私」など、二人称nyuntu「あなた」など、三人称nyantu「彼または彼女またはそれ」など。

[角田太作]

接辞人称代名詞

いわば人称代名詞の一種であるが、上述の人称代名詞が独立の単語であるのに対し、接辞人称代名詞は単語としての独立性がなく、他の単語に付着する。ジャロ語の例、一人称-rna「私」など、二人称-n「あなた」など、三人称-0/(ゼロ)「彼または彼女またはそれ」など。ジャロ語では、接辞人称代名詞が付着できる相手は名詞、形容詞、副詞、接続詞、動詞などである。

[角田太作]

動詞活用語尾

ラテン語の例、一人称cantō「私は歌う」など、二人称cantās「あなたは歌う」など、三人称cantat「彼または彼女(またはそれ)は歌う」など。ラテン語のこれらの動詞活用語尾は人称(と数など)を示す。

[角田太作]

指示語

たとえば日本語の「こそあど」指示語の体系では、一説によると、「こ」の系列の語が話し手(一人称)の近くの事物を、「そ」の系列の語が聞き手(二人称)の近くの事物を、「あ」の系列の語がそれ以外(三人称)の事物をさす。

[角田太作]

その他

たとえば日本語の「……したがる」や「欲しがる」など、「がる」を含む表現は、「一郎は久美子に会いたがっています」のように、普通、三人称について用いる。一方、「……したい」や「欲しい」など、「がる」を含まない表現は一人称、二人称について用いられるが、普通、一人称では肯定文で、二人称では疑問文で、「私は久美子に会いたいです」、「あなたは久美子に会いたいですか」のように用いる。

[角田太作]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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