Hand, foot and mouth disease

Japanese: 手足口病
Hand, foot and mouth disease
What kind of disease is it?

Main symptoms and progression This is a contagious rash caused by an enterovirus infection and is mainly seen in children, with outbreaks occurring in nurseries and kindergartens.
Suddenly, a rash with blisters appears inside the mouth, on the fingers, palms, elbows, knees, soles of the feet, and buttocks, and unlike chickenpox, it does not appear anywhere else, hence the name hand, foot, and mouth disease. It may also be accompanied by a fever of around 38 degrees and diarrhea.
Rashes on the hands, feet, and buttocks usually do not itch or hurt, but rashes inside the mouth can become ulcers and cause severe pain. If the pain is severe and it becomes difficult to eat, try to eat foods that are as soft and light in flavor as possible. It is especially important to pay attention to the amount of fluid intake, and give small amounts of weak tea or oral rehydration solution frequently to prevent dehydration.
There is no specific treatment for the causative virus, but in most cases the symptoms are mild and will resolve naturally within about 10 days.
In very rare cases, serious complications such as meningitis, myocarditis, and acute encephalitis can occur, and, although very rare, deaths have been reported.
It has been reported that patients with severe systemic symptoms other than the rash, high fever, fever that continues for more than three days, vomiting, or lethargy are at high risk of developing severe symptoms. (1)
If you are unable to drink any water, you will need to seek medical attention so that your dehydration can be treated with intravenous drip.

● Causes of the disease and how symptoms develop The most common causative viruses are Coxsackie A group 6 virus (CoxA6), Coxsackie A group 16 virus (CoxA16) and Enterovirus 71 (Entero71). Other enteroviruses may also cause similar symptoms.
Infection can occur through saliva mixed with sneezing or coughing, by directly touching a patient's rash, or by getting virus-contaminated stool on your hands when changing a diaper and then using those hands to feed another child, causing the virus to enter the mouth from stool.
Symptoms appear about 3 to 5 days after infection. In addition, even after the main symptoms have disappeared, the virus is excreted in the stool for 3 to 4 weeks, so it is important to wear gloves when changing diapers, seal them in a plastic bag before discarding them, and wash your hands thoroughly after changing diapers.

●Characteristics of the disease The most susceptible age group is infants between 1 and 5 years old, but adults can also become infected if they do not have antibodies. It is most common in the summer, with major epidemics occurring every 2 to 3 years. The causative virus varies from year to year.
If the individual's overall condition is stable, there are no restrictions on attending school (kindergarten). Because the virus is excreted for a long period of time, it is not realistic to suspend attendance, even though there is a possibility of causing an epidemic. (2)


EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Provide symptomatic treatment [Evaluation] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] As there are no effective drugs or vaccines, treatment is limited to relieving symptoms such as fever. If the patient cannot drink water, it is necessary to improve dehydration through intravenous drips.

[Treatment and care] No local anesthetics are used [Evaluation] ★→
[Points to note] It is not recommended to use local anesthetics (lidocaine) for ulcers in the mouth. (3)(4)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Antipyretic [Drug name] Anhiba/Alpiny/Calonal (acetaminophen)
[Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation points] Although no clinical studies have been conducted on patients with hand, foot and mouth disease, the method is supported by expert opinion and experience.


Overall, the most reliable treatment at present is to treat symptoms. There is no specific treatment to suppress the proliferation of the causative virus or promote its excretion from the body. No preventive vaccine has been developed either.
For this reason, treatment is carried out to alleviate various symptoms and pain.

If you are unable to eat, eat foods that taste good and drink fluids. If the pain in your mouth is severe, try eating foods that taste good, such as ice cream or pudding. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids, and if it is difficult to take fluids through the mouth, you will need to see a doctor as you will need to be administered fluids intravenously.

Be careful when handling baby's feces. Even after the rash has disappeared, the virus is still excreted in the stool for 3 to 4 weeks, so there is a possibility of infection. Be careful when handling baby's feces.

(1)Fang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, et al.Risk factors of severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a meta-analysis.Scand J Infect Dis. 2014 ;46:515-522.
(2) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Explanation of infectious diseases that should be prevented in schools. http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/kenko/hoken/1334054.htm. Accessed April 3, 2015.
(3)Hopper SM, McCarthy M, Tancharoen C, et al. Topical lidocaine to improve oral intake in children with painful infectious mouth ulcers: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Emerg Med. 2014;63:292-299.
(4)Hess GP, Walson PD.Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine.Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:725-727.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 エンテロウイルスの感染による伝染性の発疹症(ほっしんしょう)で、おもに子どもにみられ、保育所や幼稚園で集団発生することがあります。
 突然、水ぶくれのある発疹(ほっしん)が、口のなか、指、手のひら、ひじ、膝(ひざ)、足の裏、お尻(しり)にでき、水ぼうそうなどと違ってそれ以外の場所にはでないので、手足口病という名前が付いています。38度前後の発熱や下痢(げり)を伴うこともあります。
 手足やお尻の発疹は通常はかゆみも痛みも伴いませんが、口のなかの発疹は潰瘍(かいよう)になるため、激しく痛むことがあります。痛みが強く、食事をとりにくくなった場合には、なるべく柔らかく薄味のものをとるようにします。水分の摂取量には、とくに注意が必要で、薄いお茶や経口補水液を少量ずつこまめに与えるようにして、脱水症状をおこさないようにします。
 原因ウイルスに対する特異的な治療はありませんが、ほとんどが軽症で、10日ほどで自然に治ります。
 ごくまれに髄膜炎(ずいまくえん)や心筋炎、急性脳炎といった深刻な合併症を引きおこすこともあり、また非常に頻度(ひんど)は低いのですが、死亡例も報告されています。
 発疹以外の全身症状が強く、高熱を伴う、発熱が3日以上続く、嘔吐(おうと)する、ぐったりしているといった場合は、重症化のリスクが高いことが報告されています。(1)
 また、水がまったく飲めない場合は、点滴で脱水を治療するため、医療機関の受診が必要です。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 コクサッキーA群6ウイルス(CoxA6)、コクサッキーA群16ウイルス(CoxA16)とエンテロウイルス71(Entero71)が代表的な原因ウイルスです。そのほかのエンテロウイルスでも同様の症状が現れることがあります。
 くしゃみやせきに混じる唾液がつくことによる感染や、直接患者さんの発疹に触れることによる感染、おむつをかえたときにウイルスのついた便が手につき、その手でほかの子どもの食事の世話をするなどの経路で、便から口に入ってうつる感染があります。
 ウイルスに感染してからおよそ3~5日間で症状がでます。また、おもな症状が消失してからも、3~4週間はウイルスが便に排出されるので、おむつ交換をするときは手袋をして交換を行い、ビニール袋に密閉して捨てる、おむつ交換後はよく手を洗うなどの注意が必要です。

●病気の特徴
 もっともかかりやすい年齢は1~5歳の乳幼児ですが、抗体がなければ、成人にも感染します。夏に流行することが多く、2~3年ごとに大流行がみられます。原因となるウイルスはその年によって異なります。
 本人の全身状態が安定している場合は、登校(園)は制限されていません。長期間にわたりウイルスが排泄(はいせつ)されるため、流行を引きおこす可能性はあるものの、現実的に出席停止にできないからです。(2)


よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]対症療法を行う
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 有効な治療薬、ワクチンともにないため、発熱などの症状をやわらげる治療を行います。水が飲めなければ点滴で脱水を改善させる必要があります。

[治療とケア]局所麻酔薬は使わない
[評価]★→
[評価のポイント] 口のなかの潰瘍に対して、局所麻酔薬(リドカイン)を使用することは勧められません。(3)(4)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

解熱薬
[薬名]アンヒバ/アルピニー/カロナール(アセトアミノフェン)
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 手足口病の患者さんを対象にした臨床研究は見あたりませんが、専門家の意見や経験から支持されています。


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
対症療法を行う
 原因となるウイルスの増殖を抑制したり、体外への排泄を促したりするための特別な治療法はありません。予防ワクチンも開発されていません。
 このため、いろいろな症状や苦痛を軽減することを目的とした処置を行います。

食事ができないときには、口当たりのよいものと水分補給を
 口のなかの痛みが強い場合には、アイスクリームやプリンなどの口当たりのよいものを工夫しましょう。十分な水分補給も重要となり、どうしても口から水分をとることが困難な場合には、輸液が必要になるので受診してください。

乳児の排泄物の取り扱いには注意を
 発疹が消失したあとも3~4週間はウイルスが便に排泄され、感染の可能性があります。乳児の排泄物の取り扱いには注意が必要です。

(1)Fang Y, Wang S, Zhang L, et al.Risk factors of severe hand, foot and mouth disease: a meta-analysis.Scand J Infect Dis. 2014 ;46:515-522.
(2)文部科学省. 学校において予防すべき感染症の解説. http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/kenko/hoken/1334054.htm アクセス日2015年4月3日
(3)Hopper SM, McCarthy M, Tancharoen C, et al. Topical lidocaine to improve oral intake in children with painful infectious mouth ulcers: a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Emerg Med. 2014;63:292-299.
(4)Hess GP, Walson PD.Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine.Ann Emerg Med. 1988 ;17:725-727.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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