Tsumugi

Japanese: 紬 - つむぎ
Tsumugi

Silk fabric woven with tsumugi thread. Tsumugi thread is made by pulling out cotton wool and spun into thin threads, but since it is very expensive to hand-spin it these days, dupioni threads (knotted silk threads taken from a single cocoon containing two pupas), knotted cotton, wool, or synthetic threads are used to create a rough texture that resembles tsumugi.

Tsumugi is generally considered to be the first technique to appear in the development of silk production, but no such fabric has been found based on actual materials. Many documents also identify it with ashiginu (silk thread) produced in ancient times, but the materials in the Shosoin Repository show that this is incorrect. Rather, it is more appropriate to consider it to have originated from farmers' self-production as a way to utilize the shelled cocoons and waste cocoons that are produced during the process of silkworm egg production or raw silk production. It was in the early modern period that it became a local specialty, and according to the "Kefukigusa" published in 1627 (Kan'ei 4), Ise Tsumugi, Kai Tsumugi, Hachijojima Tsumugi, Yokoyama Tsumugishima, Yuki Tsumugi, Nakayama Tsumugishima, Sendai Tsumugi, and Tango Tsumugi are found, and they began to appear as products in various regions. In the late early modern period, it became popular as a silk fabric that was acceptable for use by the common people. Some of the silk fabrics still produced today include Yuki tsumugi (Yuki City, Ibaraki Prefecture), Tokamachi tsumugi (Tokamachi City, Niigata Prefecture), Shiozawa tsumugi (Minamiuonuma City, Niigata Prefecture), Oshima tsumugi (Kagoshima Prefecture), Nagai tsumugi (Nagai City, Yamagata Prefecture), Ishige tsumugi (Joso City, Ibaraki Prefecture), and Tatebayashi tsumugi (Tatebayashi City, Gunma Prefecture).

The manufacturing method, for example, for the typical Yuki Tsumugi, involves wrapping the silk floss around a tool called a "tsukushi," kneading it on both sides with the thumb and index finger of each hand while stretching it and spinning it. Silk floss is made specifically for use in tsumugi. Even with eight hours of work, the amount that can be spun in a day is only 5-6 momme (approximately 19-23 grams), so it takes many days to spin one tan worth of silk. Silk spun tsumugi thread is sometimes used for tsumugi, but this is thread spun from second-grade cotton produced in the cotton-refining process when making spun silk, or waste fibers discarded in the carding process, and is manufactured using a completely different method from tsumugi thread.

There are white tsumugi, tsumugi stripes, and tsumugi kasuri varieties, and because of their excellent texture and dye fastness, and because they are elegant textiles, they are now used as high-quality kimono fabrics. However, as a fabric for Japanese clothing, they are not used for formal wear.

[Kadoyama Yukihiro]

Oshima Tsumugi
Mud-dyed cloth. The top one is the Tatsugo pattern © Amami Oshima Tsumugi Cooperative Association ">

Oshima Tsumugi

Ueda Tsumugi
©Shinshu Nagano Prefecture Tourism Association ">

Ueda Tsumugi


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

紬糸で織った絹織物。紬糸は真綿を引き出して細く糸にしたものであるが、現在では手紡することが非常に高価につくため、玉糸(一つの繭の中に二つの蛹(さなぎ)が入った玉繭からとった節のある絹糸)や、木綿・毛・化合繊の節糸を使い、外観上ざっくりとした紬の風合いに似せたものも紬とよんでいる。

 紬は、蚕糸生産の発展過程のうち最初に現れた技法と一般に考えられているが、実物資料による限りでは、このような織物は発見されていない。また古代に生産された絁(あしぎぬ)に比定することも多くの文献にみえているが、正倉院蔵の資料によってもこのことは誤りであることがわかる。むしろ、蚕種生産あるいは生糸生産の過程でできる出殻繭(でがらまゆ)・屑(くず)繭などの利用方法として、農家の自家生産から生まれたものとみるのが妥当であろう。これが地方の特産品となったのは近世以後であり、1627年(寛永4)開板の『毛吹草(けふきぐさ)』によると、伊勢(いせ)紬、甲斐(かい)紬、八丈島紬、横山紬島、結城(ゆうき)紬、中山紬島、仙台紬、丹後(たんご)紬がみえ、各地に産物として現れてくる。そして近世後期には庶民の間に利用が許される絹織物としてもてはやされた。現在でも生産されているものに、結城紬(茨城県結城市)、十日町(とおかまち)紬(新潟県十日町市)、塩沢(しおざわ)紬(新潟県南魚沼(みなみうおぬま)市)、大島紬(鹿児島県)、長井(ながい)紬(山形県長井市)、石下(いしげ)紬(茨城県常総(じょうそう)市)、館林(たてばやし)紬(群馬県館林市)などがある。

 製造方法は、代表的な結城紬の場合で示すと、真綿を「つくし」とよばれる道具に絡ませておき、これを両手の親指と人差し指によって左右に練りをつけながら引き伸ばし、紡ぐものである。真綿は紬用として特別につくられている。1日の紡績量は、8時間労働としても5~6匁(約19~23グラム)にすぎないから、一反分を紡ぐためには実に多くの日数を要するわけである。紬に絹紡紬糸(ちゅうし)を使うこともあるが、これは絹紡糸をつくるとき、精綿工程でできる二等綿、または梳綿(そめん)工程で落とされる屑(くず)繊維を用いて紡績した糸で、紬糸とはまったく製造方法が異なる。

 白紬、紬縞(じま)、紬絣(がすり)の種類があるが、地質、染色堅牢(けんろう)度が優れ、雅趣に富んだ織物であることから、現在では高級着尺地としての位置を占めている。ただ和服地としては、正装の位置を占めることはない。

[角山幸洋]

大島紬
泥染めの反物。一番上は龍郷柄©本場奄美大島紬協同組合">

大島紬

上田紬
©信州・長野県観光協会">

上田紬


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