Generalbass (German: Basso continuo)

Japanese: 通奏低音 - つうそうていおん(英語表記)Generalbass ドイツ語
Generalbass (German: Basso continuo)

A musical term. A type of notation used in Western Baroque music. For about 150 years, from the end of the 16th century to the first half of the 18th century, composers wrote down only the melody and bass notes when composing a piece of music. The bass notes were played by one or more continuo instruments (organ, harpsichord, chitarrone, lute, etc.), and the accompanist (keyboard player or lutenist) had to improvise chords based on the bass melody rather than simply playing it. The chords were usually ordinary triads in the base position, but many also included first inversions, second inversions, or non-harmonic notes such as anchoring notes. The base positions of the triads inherent to the scale are generally unnumbered, but in other cases, composers indicated this by adding small numbers or accidentals (♯, ♭, ♮) above or below the bass notes to indicate the interval from the bass. For example, first inversions were indicated by a 6 (technically, but the 3 is usually omitted), second inversions by a , accidentals without a number indicated a semitone change of the third in a triad, and accidentals next to a number indicated a semitone change of the note in that interval from the bass.

The primary reason why the basso continuo notation was preferred was to save the trouble of musical notation, but also because at the time the harpsichord and lute family instruments were used together as harmonic accompaniment instruments, and this notation was the most convenient for the unique techniques and accompaniment styles of each of these instruments.

However, figures were often not added, and the realization of the basso continuo depended largely on the taste and skill of the performer. In other words, the performer could play only simple chords to strengthen the harmony of the other voices, as in early basso continuo accompaniment, or, as in the second half of the 17th century and after, could give independence to the accompaniment and introduce imitative motives of the melody in the higher voices. In Germany, where polyphony flourished, it reached its peak in the first half of the 18th century, but as music gradually became homophonic from around the second half of the 18th century, the basso continuo, which was the basis of Baroque music, was dissolved in the new style.

[Toshiaki Kurosaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

音楽用語。西洋のバロック音楽で使用された記譜法の一種。16世紀の終わりから18世紀前半にかけての約150年間、作曲家は楽曲の作曲に際して旋律と低音だけを書き記した。その低音は一つまたはそれ以上の通奏の楽器(オルガン、チェンバロ、キタローネ、リュートなど)で演奏されるが、伴奏者(鍵盤(けんばん)楽器奏者やリュート奏者)は、そのとき単に低音旋律を奏するのでなく、それに基づいて和音を即興的に補足しながら演奏しなければならなかった。その和音は、たいていの場合、基本位置にある普通の三和音であるが、そのほか第一転回形、第二転回形、あるいは繋留(けいりゅう)音のような非和声音などを含む和音も多くみられた。音階固有の三和音の基本位置は原則として数字がないが、それ以外の場合、作曲家は低音の音符の上または下に、低音からの音程を示す小さな数字や変化記号(♯、♭、♮)を付加することによりこれを指示した。たとえば、第一転回形は6(正確にはだが、3は通常省略される)、第二転回形はで示され、数字を伴わない変化記号は三和音のなかの三度音の半音変化を、また数字の横につけられた変化記号は低音からその音程にある音の半音変化を示した。

 通奏低音による書法が好んで用いられた第一の理由は、記譜法上の手間を省くことであったが、そのほか、当時和声的伴奏楽器としてチェンバロとリュート属の楽器とが混用されていたので、それぞれ独自の技巧と伴奏形態のためには、この書法がもっとも便利であったためでもある。

 もっとも、数字が付加されないこともしばしばあり、通奏低音の具現化(リアリゼーション)は、演奏者の趣味と技量に負うところが大であった。すなわち、演奏者は、初期の通奏低音伴奏にみられるように、他声部の和声的強化を目的として単純な和音だけを弾いてもよかったし、あるいは、17世紀後半以降のように、伴奏部分にも独立性をもたせ、高音部の旋律の模倣的動機を導入してもよかった。ポリフォニーの栄えたドイツでは、18世紀前半にその全盛をみせるが、18世紀後半ごろから音楽がしだいにホモフォニー化していくのに伴い、バロック音楽の基礎であった通奏低音は、その新しい様式のなかに解消されていった。

[黒坂俊昭]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Popular novel - tsuuzokushosetsu

>>:  Communication channel - tsuushinro (English spelling) channel

Recommend

Toucan (large beak) - Toucan (English spelling)

A general term for birds of the Ramphastidae famil...

Random sampling - musakyuu chuushū

Also known as voluntary selection or random sampli...

Gaff Topsle - Gaff Topsle

…In any case, gaff sails are easy to handle and h...

San-ei Koseki

Year of death: Tempo 10.5.17 (1839.6.27) Year of b...

Kanazaki Burial Mounds

This group of ancient tombs consists of 11 in tota...

Niemeyer - Oscar Niemeyer

Brazilian architect. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Braz...

Strymonidia mera (English spelling)

…[Mayumi Takahashi]. . . *Some of the terminology...

Radio wave supervision - denpakanri

The administration to ensure the fair and efficie...

Volkswagen [company] - Volkswagen

One of the largest automobile companies in Europe,...

Stellaria aquatica (English spelling)

… [Eiji Miki]. … *Some of the terminology that me...

Ujibito-shu

…Furthermore, as villages and villages developed ...

Neptunus

…an ancient Roman god who protected stored grain....

Kyoka Daitai - Kyoka Daitai

…On the other hand, during the An'ei period (...

Quetchu - Quetchu

…Plum brandy is made from plums, but the varietie...

Auckland [island] - Auckland

...area: 612 km2. The main island is Auckland Isl...