Brazilian architect. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He studied at the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro. He studied under Lucio Costal (1902-1998), who was the school's principal and a leading figure in Brazilian architecture, and graduated in 1934. He then joined Costal's architectural firm. In 1936, he participated in the design plan for the Ministry of Education and Health, and was greatly influenced by Le Corbusier, who was invited as an advisor. He eventually demonstrated his abilities as Costa's successor, and not only completed the Ministry of Education and Health, but also became internationally known for his collaboration with Costa in the design of the Brazilian Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. In the 1940s, he designed a variety of leisure facilities, including his own home, restaurants, and yacht clubs, solidifying his career. In 1947, he participated in the design of the United Nations Building (New York), a transnational project, together with Le Corbusier and others. From 1951, he was in charge of the exposition center and overall planning for the 400th anniversary of the city of São Paulo, which represented a culmination of his previous style. In 1956, he was appointed chief of the Planning Committee for the New Capital of Brazil (Brasilia), and designed many major buildings, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly Building, and a theater, which are some of the most brilliant and monumental designs in the history of modern architecture. He continued to work on the construction of the new city of Brasilia until 1964, when he was forced to flee to France due to his devotion to political activism after joining the Brazilian Communist Party. In the late 1960s, he returned to his hometown and resumed his own design work while teaching at the University of Rio de Janeiro. In the wave of modern architecture led by Europe throughout the 20th century, Niemeyer was one of the great non-European architects who, while acknowledging the obvious influence of Le Corbusier, carved out his own territory and in turn influenced European architects. It is difficult to describe Niemeyer's work in one sentence, but its characteristic is that he adapted the ascetic methods of modern architecture that originated in Europe into more physical and sensual forms, and in fact his forms are often extremely unrestrained. For example, even Le Corbusier, who had a direct influence on Niemeyer in his younger days, can be seen to have been influenced by Niemeyer in his later works. Some architects, such as Rem Koolhaas, who was a later generation, frequently refer to him as a source of reference. For this reason, he is considered a hero not only in his native Brazil but also in the whole of South America, but the city of Brasilia, which was actually built, has received much criticism from the perspective of humanistic architectural planning, for example, due to its deviation in scale, and opinions are divided. He received the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1970 and the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1988. Even after turning 90, he continued to work on national-level projects as Brazil's greatest architect, completing the Niterói National Museum of Modern Art near Rio de Janeiro in 1996. He also worked on projects for the National Museum of Art in Brasilia and a guest house in Vietnam. [Yoshihiro Horii] "Contemporary Architect Series: Oscar Niemeyer" (1975, Bijutsu Shuppansha) by Takamasa Yoshizaka, Masafumi Suzuki, and photographs by Yukio Futagawa" Gallery Ma: Oscar Niemeyer 1937-1997 (1997, Toto Publishing) Stamo Papadaki: The work of Oscar Niemeyer (1950, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York) Stamo Papadaki : Oscar Niemeyer; works in progress (1956, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York) David Underwood: Oscar Niemeyer and the Architecture of Brazil (1994, Rizzoli, New York) [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ブラジルの建築家。ブラジルのリオ・デ・ジャネイロに生まれる。同地で国立美術学校に学ぶ。同校長であり、ブラジル建築界の指導的地位にもあったルチオ・コスタLucio Costal(1902―1998)に師事し、1934年に卒業。その後コスタの建築事務所に入った。1936年文部保健省の設計計画に参加し、顧問として招かれていたル・コルビュジエから大きな感化を受けた。やがてコスタの後継者として実力を発揮するようになり、文部保健省を完成させたのみならず、1939年のニューヨーク万国博ブラジル館の設計においては、コスタとの共作によって国際的に知られるようになった。1940年代には、自邸を含めたレストランやヨットクラブなど、さまざまな余暇施設を相次いで設計し、そのキャリアを不動のものにした。1947年にはル・コルビュジエらとともに、超国家的プロジェクトであった国連ビル(ニューヨーク)の設計に参加。1951年からはサン・パウロ市400年祭のための博覧会場ならびに総合計画を担当し、それまでの作風の集大成を図った。 1956年、ブラジル新首都(ブラジリア)計画実行委員会においてチーフを任され、大統領官邸、議事堂、劇場など数々の主要建築を設計し、現代建築史におけるもっとも輝かしい記念碑的なデザインとなっている。その後、ブラジル共産党への加入による政治活動への傾倒のためにフランスへの国外追放を余儀なくされた1964年までの間、新都市ブラジリア建設の仕事を続けた。1960年代後半にふたたび故郷へ帰り、リオ・デ・ジャネイロ大学で教鞭(きょうべん)をとるかたわら、自身の設計活動も再開した。 20世紀を通じてヨーロッパ主導型で進んだ近現代建築の波のなかで、とくにル・コルビュジエからの明らかな影響を認めつつも独自の境地を切り開き、また、逆にヨーロッパの建築家たちに影響を与え返した偉大な非ヨーロッパ建築家の一人である。ニーマイヤーの仕事をひとことで説明するのはむずかしいが、その特徴は、ヨーロッパに端を発した近代建築の禁欲的な手法を、より肉体的で官能的な造型へと翻案した点にあり、実際にその造型はしばしばきわめて奔放である。たとえば若き日のニーマイヤーに直接的な影響を与えたル・コルビュジエでさえ、後期の作品には彼からの逆影響を読みとることができるほどである。後の世代であるレム・コールハースのように、頻繁に彼を参照源とする建築家もいる。そのため、祖国ブラジルばかりか南アメリカ全体の英雄と目されているが、実際に建設されたブラジリアに関して、たとえばそのスケールの逸脱のゆえに人間主義的建築計画学の観点から批判も多く受けており、賛否は分かれている。 1970年度のアメリカ建築学会賞金賞、1988年度のプリツカー賞を受賞。90歳を越えてからも、ブラジル最大の建築家として国家レベルのプロジェクトを手がけており、1996年にはリオ・デ・ジャネイロ近郊にニテロイ国立近代美術館が完成。そのほか、ブラジリアで国立美術館、ベトナムで迎賓館のプロジェクトなどを手がけた。 [堀井義博] 『吉阪隆正・鈴木恂文、二川幸夫写真『現代建築家シリーズ オスカー・ニーマイヤー』(1975・美術出版社)』▽『ギャラリー・間編『オスカー・ニーマイヤー 1937-1997』(1997・TOTO出版)』▽『Stamo PapadakiThe work of Oscar Niemeyer(1950, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York)』▽『Stamo PapadakiOscar Niemeyer ; works in progress(1956, Reinhold Pub. Corp., New York)』▽『David UnderwoodOscar Niemeyer and the Architecture of Brazil(1994, Rizzoli, New York)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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