The Constitution of Japan is interpreted as a constitutional guarantee of privacy, i.e., the right to privacy, while respecting the dignity of the individual (Article 13). In order to guarantee this right to privacy, the secrecy of communications is as important as the inviolability of the home. Therefore, the Constitution provides that "the secrecy of communications shall not be violated" (Article 21, paragraph 2, second part). This provision protects privacy in all communications between private individuals, including letters, telephone calls, telegrams, and conversations. Therefore, acts such as eavesdropping on other people's conversations, tapping telephone calls with a wiretap, and opening and reading other people's letters are prohibited as violations of the secrecy of communications. Meanwhile, in terms of whether the inviolability of the secrecy of communications is absolute, there is a precedent that has interpreted the use of wiretap devices by police officers for criminal investigations as being permitted under the Constitution to the extent and to the limits necessary for the purpose of the investigation. Furthermore, in August 1999, the so-called Communications Interception Law was enacted, which stipulated that investigative agencies could intercept telephone, facsimile, and other communications if they had a court-issued warrant for interception, but only in criminal investigations involving organized serious crimes. [Tetsuro Nawa] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
日本国憲法は、個人の尊厳(13条)を基本原理としつつ、プライバシー、すなわち個人の公開されない私生活に法的な保障を与えているものと解されている(プライバシーの権利)。このプライバシー権の保障にとって、通信の秘密は住居の不可侵とともに重要な意味をもつ。そこで、憲法は「通信の秘密は、これを侵してはならない」と規定する(21条2項後段)。この規定は、信書、電話、電信、会話などあらゆる私人間のコミュニケーションにおけるプライバシーを保護している。したがって、他人の会話を盗み聴きしたり、電話を盗聴器で傍受したり、他人の封書を開いて見るなどの行為は、通信の秘密を侵すものとして禁止される。ところで、通信の秘密の不可侵性が絶対的なものかという点に関して、警察官が犯罪捜査のため盗聴器を使用することが憲法上許されうるかという点につき、捜査目的のため必要な範囲と限度において許されると解した判例がある。さらに1999年(平成11)8月、裁判所の傍受令状があれば、重大犯罪が組織的に実行される場合の犯罪捜査に限り、電話やファクシミリなどの通信を捜査機関が傍受できることを定めたいわゆる通信傍受法が成立した。 [名和鐵郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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