Orthoptera - Orthoptera

Japanese: 直翅類 - ちょくしるい
Orthoptera - Orthoptera

A general term for the order Orthoptera of the class Insecta. A group of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis, including crickets, mole crickets, cockroaches, grasshoppers, katydids, grasshoppers, grasshoppers, and flea grasshoppers. This group of insects has long hind legs that are modified to jump, which is why they are sometimes called jumping insects. They are distributed all over the world, and more than 15,000 species are known.

They vary widely from tiny to large. The head is roughly vertically oval, with biting mouthparts. The prothorax is large, with a well-developed saddle-shaped dorsal plate that covers the middle and metathorax. The forewings are slender, elytate-like and somewhat thick. The hindwings are almost semicircular, membranous, and when at rest, fold in a fan shape under the forewings. The ovipositor is well developed. The sound-producing mechanism found in the wings is well developed, while eardrums as hearing organs can be seen in the tibiae of the forelimbs and the first abdominal segment.

They live on the ground, on grass, in trees, etc., and mainly move by jumping, but can also fly. Because of their large bodies, they are not very good at flying. Many feed on plant leaves, but some, such as crickets and cockroaches, are omnivorous, and some, such as grasshoppers and some katydids, are insectivorous. The eggs are generally long and slender, and most are laid in the soil, but they can also be laid in plant tissue. Metamorphosis is incomplete, so the larvae have a similar appearance to the adults.

The order Orthoptera is divided into two suborders. The Tettigoniidae are generally characterized by antennae longer than the body length and long, piercing ovipositors, while the Grasshopper order is characterized by antennae shorter than the body length and short, vertically movable ovipositors. The Tettigoniidae are more primitive and include the superfamily Grylloidea, the family Rhaphidophoridae, the family Gryllacrididae, and the family Tettigoniidae. The Grasshopper order includes the family Atractomorphidae, the family Acrididae, the family Catantopidae, the family Tettigidae, and the family Tridactylidae. More than 200 species are known from Japan. The migratory locust is known as a pest of various crops, with crickets pesting vegetables and wheat, and locusts pesting rice. On the other hand, bell crickets, pine crickets, grass larks, Japanese crickets, katydids, and shoe beetles are easy to sing, so they have long been kept as pet insects and are also sold commercially.

The term Orthoptera is also used in a broad sense to refer to cockroaches, praying mantises, stick insects, etc. Also, there is no English name for the Orthoptera, and terms such as crickets and grasshoppers are used to refer to each group individually.

[Yamazaki Egane]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

昆虫綱の直翅目Orthopteraの総称。不完全変態昆虫類に属する一群で、コオロギ、ケラ、カマドウマ、コロギス、キリギリス、バッタ、ヒシバッタ、ノミバッタなどの類が含まれる。後肢が跳躍のために長大となり、かつ変形して跳躍肢となった昆虫群で、このため跳躍目ということもある。世界各地に分布し、1万5000種以上が知られる。

 微小な種から大形の種まで多様である。頭部はおおむね縦卵形、口器はかむ型。前胸は大きく、背板は鞍(くら)状でよく発達し、中・後胸を覆う。前翅は細長く、鞘翅(しょうし)状でやや厚い。後翅はほぼ半円状で、膜質、静止時に前翅下に扇状に畳まれる。産卵管はよく発達している。またはねなどにある発音機構が発達しており、一方、聴器としての鼓膜が前肢脛節(けいせつ)や腹部第一節などにみられる。

 地上、草上、樹上などに生息し、主として跳躍により移動し、飛ぶこともある。体が大きいため、飛び方はあまり上手ではない。植物の葉を食するものが多いが、コオロギ類やカマドウマ類のように雑食性のものもあり、コロギスや一部のキリギリス類のように食虫性のものもある。卵はおおむね細長で、土中に産み込まれるものが多いが、植物組織中に産み込まれることもある。変態は不完全であるので、幼虫は成虫と類似した形態をしている。

 直翅目は二亜目に分けられる。一般に触角が体長よりも長く、産卵管は長くて突き刺す型のキリギリス亜目と、触角は体長よりも短く、また産卵管も短くて上下に動かせる型のバッタ亜目とである。キリギリス亜目のほうがより原始的で、コオロギ上科Grylloidea、カマドウマ科Rhaphidophoridae、コロギス科Gryllacrididae、キリギリス科Tettigoniidaeが含まれる。バッタ亜目にはオンブバッタ科Atractomorphidae、バッタ科Acrididae、イナゴ科Catantopidae、ヒシバッタ科Tettigidae、ノミバッタ科Tridactylidaeなどが含まれる。日本からは200種以上が知られている。トノサマバッタは各種作物の害虫として知られ、コオロギ類は野菜やムギなどの、イナゴ類はイネの、それぞれ害虫となる。一方、スズムシ、マツムシ、カネタタキ、クサヒバリ、カンタン、キリギリス、クツワムシなどはよく発音するため、古くから愛玩(あいがん)昆虫として飼養され、また市販もされている。

 なお、直翅類という語は、ゴキブリ、カマキリ、ナナフシなどを含めて広義にいうときにも用いられる。また、直翅目をまとめていう英名はなく、コオロギcricket、バッタgrasshopperなどと個々の群についていう語がそれぞれに用いられる。

[山崎柄根]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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