This is a mathematically formalized theory that makes it clear that quantum field theory (theory that treats "fields" quantum mechanically) follows the theory of (special) relativity. Tomonaga Shinichiro and J. Schwinger independently created this theory in 1943 and 1948. According to this theory, in order to describe the quantum mechanical state of a field that spreads over the entire region of space, the state vector is written as a functional of a "spatial hypersurface" defined in Minkowski space, specifying a different time for each location in space, rather than as a function of a single time variable. Therefore, the state depends on an infinite number of time values corresponding to an infinite number of points in space (through its dependence on the spatial hypersurface), hence the name. This state vector undergoes changes resulting from field interactions according to the Tomonaga-Schwinger equation, while the dynamical variables of the field (such as the field operators) themselves follow the same equations of motion and commutation relations as when there is no field interaction. By reformulating quantum field theory in the form of a super-multiple-time theory, the physical content of the theory became extremely clear, and the "renormalization theory", which consistently removes divergences that often appear in calculations based on field theory (such as infinite self-energy) and obtains finitely definite results, was also discovered using this form of theory. [Jiro Maki] "Tomonaga Shinichiro, with commentary by Yamaguchi Yoshio, Tomonaga Shinichiro Collected Works 11: Quantum Mechanics and Me" New Edition (2002, Misuzu Shobo) [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
場の量子論(「場」を量子力学的に取り扱う理論)の内容が(特殊)相対性理論に従っていることを、数学的形式のうえでも一目瞭然(りょうぜん)となるように定式化した理論。朝永(ともなが)振一郎とJ・シュウィンガーとが1943年、1948年に、それぞれ独立にこの理論をつくった。この理論によれば、空間の全領域に広がった場の量子力学的状態を記述するために、状態ベクトルを、単一の時間変数の関数としてではなく空間の場所ごとに異なる時刻を指定して、ミンコフスキー空間のなかで定義される「空間的超曲面」の汎(はん)関数として書き表す。したがって、状態は無限個の空間の点に対応して無限個の時刻値に(空間的超曲面への依存性を通じて)依存するのでこの名がつけられた。 この状態ベクトルは「朝永‐シュウィンガー方程式」に従って場の相互作用から生ずる変化を受け、他方、場の力学変数(場の演算子など)自体は場に相互作用のない場合と同形の運動方程式と交換関係に従う。 場の量子論を超多時間理論の形式に再定式化することによって理論の含む物理的内容がきわめて明確になり、場の理論に基づく計算にしばしば現れる発散量(無限大の自己エネルギーなど)を矛盾なく取り除いて有限確定の結果を得る「くりこみrenormalization理論」も理論のこの形式を用いて発見されたものである。 [牧 二郎] 『朝永振一郎著、山口嘉夫解説『朝永振一郎著作集11 量子力学と私』新装版(2002・みすず書房)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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