There is no clear definition of the range of ultra-high pressure, and it tends to get higher with technological advances. At present, however, ultra-high pressure is more than 20,000 atmospheres (GPa), meaning pressures that are higher than those that can be generated by piston-cylinder type pressure devices or solid pressure generators, i.e., pressures at which most substances become solid. Ultra-high pressure can be generated either statically or dynamically (impulsively). The latter is an instantaneous pressure of 10-6 s, and is generated by explosives or projectiles colliding with guns. Here, we will only discuss the former. Static ultra-high pressure is generated by solid compression. In addition to the Belt-type apparatus, which is an improved version of the Bridgman anvil based on the principle of massive support to reduce local stress, and the Girdle-type apparatus, which is an enhanced piston-cylinder type, there are also tetrahedral and cubic-type apparatuses that compress solids using four or six anvils. The cubic-type apparatus is the most widely used in Japan, but the Belt-type apparatus is often used for industrial diamond production. Diamond anvils are a widely used method of generating static ultra-high pressure. They compress a sample between two opposing single crystal diamonds. This method can generate pressures close to 10 11 Pa, but since ultra-high pressure is generated in a small area of less than a few millimeters, it is suitable for physical measurements. Magnetic field compression and laser light compression have also been attempted. Ultra-high pressure measurements are generally based on fixed-point substances that undergo phase transitions at a certain pressure. A series of fixed-point substances has been established below 10 10 Pa, but is not clear above that pressure. Other methods of determining phase transitions include measuring the change in the lattice constant of sodium chloride or measuring the pressure-induced shift in the fluorescence of ruby. Almost all substances are solid in the ultra-high pressure region, but when solids are compressed, they transition to a denser crystalline form, accompanied by a shift in the electronic energy levels, and some substances that are insulators or semiconductors at normal pressure become metallic under ultra-high pressure. In inorganic and organic solid compounds, atoms or atomic groups approach each other under ultra-high pressure, which can cause new bonding reactions. In the future, ultra-high pressure may be a means of developing new materials. [See alternative term] High pressure science Source: Morikita Publishing "Chemical Dictionary (2nd Edition)" Information about the Chemical Dictionary 2nd Edition |
超高圧の圧力範囲には明確な規定はなく,技術の進歩とともに高くなる傾向があるが,現在では,ピストン-シリンダー型圧力装置で発生できる圧力以上,あるいは固体圧力発生装置による圧力,すなわちほとんどの物質が固相になるという意味で,約2万気圧(2 GPa)以上を超高圧というのが適切である.超高圧の発生には静的と動的(衝撃的)とがある.後者は 10-6 s という瞬間的圧力であって,爆薬,銃による飛しょう体の衝突によって発生させる.ここでは前者のみについて記す.静的超高圧は固体圧縮によって発生されるが,これは局部的応力の発生を少なくするmassive supportの原理にもとづいたブリッジマンアンビルを改良したBelt型装置,あるいはピストン-シリンダー型を強化したGirdle型装置などのほかに,4個または6個のアンビルによって圧縮する四面体型または立方体型装置がある.わが国でもっとも広く使われているのは立方体型装置であるが,工業用ダイヤモンド生産には,Belt型装置が多く使われている.静的超高圧の発生法として,近年広く使われている装置にダイヤモンドアンビルがある.これは単結晶ダイヤモンドの面を対向させて,その間にはさまれた試料を圧縮する方法である.これによって 1011 Pa に近い圧力の発生が可能であるが,数 mm 以下の小部分に超高圧を発生させるので,物理的測定には適している.また,磁場圧縮,レーザー光圧縮なども試みられている.超高圧の測定は,一般には決まった圧力で相転移を起こす定点物質を規準にする.一連の定点物質は,1010 Pa 以下では確立されているが,それ以上では明確でない.また,塩化ナトリウムの格子定数の変化を測定したり,ルビーの蛍光の圧力によるシフトを測定して決定する方法もある.超高圧領域では,ほとんどすべての物質は固体であるといってよいが,固体は圧縮されて,より密度の高い結晶形に転移し,電子エネルギー準位の移行を伴い,いくつかの物質では常圧で絶縁体あるいは半導体のものも,超高圧では金属伝導を示すようになる.また,無機・有機の固体化合物は超高圧によって原子または原子団が接近し,新しい結合反応を起こすことができる.将来,超高圧は新しい材料の開発の手段となる可能性がある.[別用語参照]高圧科学 出典 森北出版「化学辞典(第2版)」化学辞典 第2版について 情報 |
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