The standard for the absolute pitch of sounds used in music. In Europe, the note "I" has long been used as the standard note, and currently (one dot I) is set at 440 Hz. This has been used worldwide since the London International Conference in 1939, but in Japan, the old standard note of =435 Hz was used until it was established by the Ministry of Education (now the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) in 1948 (Showa 23). It was only after the 19th century that standard notes began to be clearly indicated by their frequency. Before the 18th century, there was no international standard pitch, and completely different pitches were used depending on the era, region, type of music, and performance venue. In the 19th century, attempts were made to define a standard pitch in England and Germany, and 435 Hz, established by France in 1859, became relatively widespread in Europe as an international standard pitch. However, 440 Hz is more common in the United States, and 439 Hz was the most widespread standard pitch in England in the late 19th century. In some countries, pitches higher than 450 Hz were used. Currently, 440 Hz is used worldwide as the international standard pitch, but in actual performances, instruments are often tuned higher than this, and when performing old music, historical pitches are often reproduced using instruments from that era (including replicas). [Junnosuke Chiba] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
音楽に用いられる音の絶対的な高さ(ピッチ)の標準。ヨーロッパでは古くから「イ」の音が標準音として採用されており、現在は(一点イ)が440ヘルツと定められている。これは、1939年のロンドン国際会議以来、世界的に用いられているものだが、日本では1948年(昭和23)に文部省(現文部科学省)が規定するまでは、=435ヘルツの古い標準音を用いていた。標準音が振動数によってはっきりと示されるようになるのは、19世紀以後のことである。 18世紀以前には国際的な標準音の規定がなく、時代や地域、また音楽の種類や演奏の場によって、まったく別のピッチが用いられていた。19世紀に入ってからは、イギリスやドイツなどで標準音の規定が試みられ、1859年にフランスが定めた=435ヘルツは、国際標準音としてヨーロッパでは比較的普及した。しかし、アメリカでは440ヘルツのほうが一般的であり、またイギリスでは19世紀後半には439ヘルツが標準音としてもっとも普及していた。国によっては450ヘルツ以上の高いピッチが用いられたこともある。現在では=440ヘルツが国際標準音として世界的に用いられているが、実際の演奏にあたってはこれより高めに調律されることが多く、また古い音楽の演奏の場合には、その時代の楽器(複製されたものも含む)を用いて、歴史的なピッチを再現することも多い。 [千葉潤之介] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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