Huang Xing; Huang Hsing

Japanese: 黄興 - こうこう（英語表記）Huang Xing; Huang Hsing

[Birth] Douji 13 (1874)
[Died] 1916. Shanghai, China. Modern revolutionary. Born in Shanhua County (Changsha City), Hunan Province. His courtesy name was Keqiang. After graduating from Lianghu Academy, he studied in Japan. In 1903, he returned to China and formed the Huaxing Society with Song Jiaoren and others. The following year, he fled to Japan after failing in an uprising in Changsha. In 1904, he formed the China Revolutionary Alliance with Sun Yat-sen and others, and became its general affairs secretary, ranking second only to Sun Yat-sen. He led several armed uprisings in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan, and narrowly escaped death in the Guangzhou uprising in 1911. In the same year, when the revolution broke out in Wuchang, he went to Wuhan and became the commander of the revolutionary army, but failed to defend Hankou. He went to Shanghai and Nanjing to work on establishing a revolutionary government, and in the Provisional Government of the Republic of China established on January 1, 1912, he was appointed Chief of Army (Minister of War) under Provisional President Sun Yat-sen, and was said to be the de facto Prime Minister. From this time onwards, the estrangement from the Sun Yat-sen faction became evident, and in 1913, during the Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai, he raised an army in Nanjing, but failed. He fled via Japan to the United States, and did not join Sun Yat-sen's Chinese Revolutionary Party. In 1916, he returned to China to oppose Yuan's imperial system, and collaborated with Sun Yat-sen, but died of illness shortly thereafter.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]同治13(1874)
[没]1916. 上海
中国，近代の革命家。湖南省善化県 (長沙市) の人。字は克強 (こくきょう) 。両湖書院卒業後日本に留学し，光緒 29 (1903) 年，帰国して宋教仁らと華興会を結成，翌年，長沙での挙兵に失敗して日本に亡命。同 31年孫文らと中国革命同盟会を結成，その庶務幹事となり，孫文に次ぐ地位にあった。以後，広東，広西，雲南における数次の武装蜂起を指揮，宣統3 (11) 年の広州での蜂起ではかろうじて死地を脱した。同年，武昌に革命が勃発するや武漢におもむき革命軍の司令官となったが，漢口防衛に失敗。上海，南京におもむき革命政府樹立に奔走，1912年1月1日成立した中華民国臨時政府では，臨時大総統孫文のもとで陸軍総長 (陸相) に就任，事実上の首相といわれた。この頃より孫文派との疎隔が顕著となり，13年の袁世凱反対の第二革命では南京に挙兵して失敗，日本を経てアメリカに亡命，孫文の中華革命党には参加しなかった。 16年，袁の帝制に反対するため帰国，孫文とも合作したが，まもなく病死。

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