Midbrain

Japanese: 中脳 - ちゅうのう
Midbrain

It is part of the brain stem of the central nervous system (cerebrospinal cord), and is connected to the diencephalon above and the hindbrain (pons and cerebellum) below. It is an important part of the brain stem, although it is not very developed. The midbrain aqueduct (also called the aqueduct of Sylvius, a thin hollow tube) runs through the brain stem slightly dorsal to the center. It connects to the third ventricle above and the fourth ventricle below. The area dorsal to the aqueduct is called the midbrain tectum, and four protrusions protrude from the front, back, left and right in a bowl-like shape. The front two of these are called the superior colliculus, and the rear two are called the inferior colliculus. The superior colliculus is connected to part of the optic nerve and is thought to be involved in the complex reflex functions of vision. The inferior colliculus is the nerve pathway of hearing, and is thought to play an important role in determining the location of a sound source as well as in auditory reflexes. In lower vertebrates, the superior colliculus is the visual center and is called the optic tectum. The area ventral to the midbrain aqueduct is the cerebral peduncle in the broad sense, of which the dorsal part is called the midbrain tegmentum, and the part protruding from the midbrain tegmentum to both sides ventrally is called the cerebral peduncle in the narrow sense. The midbrain tegmentum contains the origin nuclei of the trochlear nerve and oculomotor nerve, the red nucleus related to involuntary movements, the reticular formation related to the mechanism of consciousness, and the nerve pathways ascending from the spinal cord to the cerebral hemispheres. At the border between the midbrain tegmentum and the cerebral peduncle in the narrow sense is the substantia nigra, which is related to involuntary movements. Damage to the substantia nigra is thought to be related to Parkinson's syndrome. In addition, the cerebral peduncle (narrowly defined) contains nerve tracts (pyramidal tracts, extrapyramidal tracts) that are involved in movement and descend from the cerebral cortex.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Names of parts of the brain
The diagram shows a midline section of the human brain . ©Shogakukan

Names of parts of the brain

The vertebrate brain
©Shogakukan ">

The vertebrate brain


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中枢神経系(脳脊髄(のうせきずい))の脳幹の一部で、上方は間脳、下方は後脳(橋(きょう)と小脳)につながる。脳幹のうちでは、あまり発育していない部分であるが、重要な部位である。脳幹の中心部よりやや背側(はいそく)には、中脳水道(シルビウス水道ともよぶ細い中腔(ちゅうくう)の管)が貫通している。この上方は第三脳室、下方は第四脳室に通じている。中脳水道より背側を中脳蓋(がい)とよび、前後左右4個の隆起が、ちょうど椀(わん)を伏せた状態で突出している。このうち、前方の2個を上丘(じょうきゅう)、後方の2個を下丘とよび、全体を四丘体(しきゅうたい)ともいう。上丘には視神経の一部がきており、視覚の複雑な反射機能に関与していると考えられる。下丘には聴覚の神経路がきており、聴覚反射に関係するほか、音源の位置を判断するときに重要な役割をしていると考えられる。下等脊椎(せきつい)動物では、上丘が視覚の中枢にあたり、視蓋とよばれる。中脳水道より腹側は広義の大脳脚で、そのうち、背側部分を中脳被蓋、中脳被蓋から両側腹側に突出した部分を狭義の大脳脚とよぶ。中脳被蓋には滑車神経や動眼神経の起始核があり、不随意運動に関係する赤核(せきかく)、意識の機序(メカニズム)に関係する網様体、また、脊髄から大脳半球に上行する神経路などがある。中脳被蓋と狭義の大脳脚との境の部分には、不随意運動に関係する黒質(こくしつ)がある。黒質の傷害はパーキンソン症候群に関係があると考えられている。なお、大脳脚(狭義)には、大脳皮質から下行する運動に関係する神経路(錐体路(すいたいろ)、錐体外路)がある。

[嶋井和世]

脳の各部名称
図はヒトの脳の正中断面を示す©Shogakukan">

脳の各部名称

脊椎動物の脳
©Shogakukan">

脊椎動物の脳


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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